Halter Chapter 2 (Not Recommended) Flashcards
An Austrian neurologist who revolutionized thinking about mental health disorders =
Sigmund Freud
Introduced a groundbreaking theory of personality structure, levels of awareness, anxiety, the role of defense mechanisms, and the stages of psychosocial development =
Sigmund Freud
Freud believed that there were how many levels of psychosocial awareness?
3 Levels
How did Freud describe the three levels of psychological awareness?
By turning the mind into a metaphorical iceberg
Tip of the iceberg. Contains all the material a person is aware of at any one time =
The Conscious
What does the conscious include?
Perceptions, Memories, Thoughts, Fantasies, & Feelings
Just below the surface. Contains material that can be retrieved rather easily through conscious effort =
Preconscious
The bottom of the iceberg. Includes all repressed memories, passions, and unacceptable urges =
Unconscious
Memories + Emotions associated with trauma may be found here=
The unconscious
Exerts a powerful yet unseen effect on the conscious thoughts and feeling of a person =
The Unconscious
Is a person usually able to retrieve unconscious material without the help of a therapist?
No
Freud made 3 major and distinct but interactive systems of the personality. What are they?
Ego, Superego, ID
Totally unconscious and impulsive. The source of all drives, instincts, reflexes, and needs =
ID
At birth, we are all-
ID
Lacks the ability to problem solve and is illogical =
ID
Can’t tolerate frustration and seeks to discharge tension and return to a more comfortable level of energy =
ID
Within the first few years of life as the child begins to interact with others, what develops?
The Ego
The ID is a part of the-
Unconscious
What level of awareness does the ego fall into?
All 3
The problem solver and reality tester, attempts to navigate the outside world =
The Ego
Grants you the ability to differentiate subjective experiences, memory images, and objective reality =
Ego
Tells the ID that “You have to delay gratification for right now” and then sets a course of action =
Ego
Develops between 3 and 5 years old. The moral component of personality =
The Superego
In what levels of awareness does the superego reside?
All 3
In what way does the superego consist of the conscious?
All of the “should not’s” internalized from parents and society
In what way does the superego consist of the ego?
All of the “shoulds” internalized from parents and society
When behavior falls short of ideal, this may produce guilt.
When behavior reaches that of ideal, it may produce pride.
This is an example of how superego fits into the-
Unconscious
In a mature and well-adjusted individual, the 3 systems of the personality all work together under the administrative leadership of the-
Ego
If the superego is too powerful, what happens?
The person may be self-critical + suffer feelings of intense inferiority
If the ID is too powerful, what happens?
The person lacks impulse control
What develops defense mechanisms?
The Ego
Wards off anxiety by preventing conscious awareness of feelings =
Defense Mechanisms
Defense mechanisms share what 2 main features?
They all (Except suppression) operate on an unconscious level.
They deny, falsify, or distort reality to make it less threatening.
Can we survive without defense mechanisms?
No
Can defense mechanisms distort reality so much that we can’t experience difficulty with healthy development and personal growth?
Yes
Freud believed that the human development proceeds through how many psychosexual stages from infancy to adulthood?
5 Stages
What timeframe determines a person’s lifetime adjustment pattern and personality traits?
First five years
After 5 years old, you enter school and-
Build upon the personality and adjustment patterns of your first 5 years of life
The basis of psychoanalysis =
Educated Guesses (Interpretations)
Is psychoanalysis used today?
Not often, because of how long and expensive it is
What are the 2 most important concepts from classic psychoanalysis?
Transference + Countertransference
Refers to unconscious feelings the PT has toward a healthcare worker that were originally felt toward a significant other =
Transference
“You remind me of my sister” is an example of-
Transference
Can transference be positive or negative?
It can be either
Does psychoanalysis encourage transference?
Yes, it helps understanding original relationships
Refers to unconscious feelings the healthcare worker has toward the PT =
Countertransference
Strong negative/ positive feelings toward a PT can be a red flag for-
Countertransference
What are the tools of psychoanalysis?
Free Association
Dream Analysis
Defense Mechanism Recognition
Interpreting the symbolic meanings in a PT’s dreams =
Dream Analysis
Actively encouraging a PT to freely share whatever words or thoughts come to mind to access the unconscious =
Free Association
Assisting the PT in recognizing + subsequently changing the over-use of maladaptive defense mechanisms =
Defense Mechanism Recognition
What is the difference between traditional psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy?
Psychodynamic uses the same tools as traditional psychoanalysis, but the therapist has increased involvement + interacts with the PT more freely.
Psychoanalysis is also targeted toward the here and now and is less about reconstructing the developmental origins of conflicts.
Do insurance companies often reject covering for psychodynamic therapy because of its length of potentially up to 20 sessions?
Yes
Is psychodynamic therapy longer than most other common therapies?
Yes
Who are the best candidates for psychodynamic therapy?
Relatively healthy and well-functioning people that have a clear area of difficulty and are well-motivated for changw
What types of patients will not benefit from psychodynamic therapy?
PT’s with Psychosis, Severe Depression, Borderline Personality Disorders, and Severe Personality Disorders
Freud’s theory emphasizes-
The importance of early childhood
Developed a model for understanding psychiatric alterations that focused on interpersonal problems =
Harry Stack Sullivan
Believed that humans are driven by interaction =
Sullivan
Emphasized the importance of the early relationship with the primary caregiver or significant other =
Sullivan
Sullivan believed that the purpose of all behavior is to-
Get needs met through interpersonal interactions + avoid or reduce anxiety
Coined the term Security Operations =
Sullivan
Describes the measures a person uses to reduce anxiety + enhance security =
Security Operations
Collectively, all Security Operations make up the-
Self-System
Interpersonal Therapy is-
An effective short-term therapy
What is the assumption behind interpersonal theory?
That psychiatric disorders are influenced by interpersonal interactions and the social context
What is the goal of interpersonal therapy?
Reduce/ eliminate psychiatric symptoms (particularly depression) by improving interpersonal functioning + satisfaction with social relationships
Interpersonal therapy has been proven successful in the treatment of-
Major Depressive Disorder
When the therapist identifies the nature of the mental problem to be resolved and then selects strategies consistent with that problem area =
Interpersonal Therapy
What types of problems respond well to interpersonal therapy?
Grief & Loss
Interpersonal Disputes (Problems with a significant other)
Role Transition (Problematic change in life status, or social/ vocational role)
Developed 1st systematic theoretical framework for psychiatric nursing in her book “Interpersonal Relations in Nursing” =
Hildegard Peplau
Established the foundation for the professional practice of psychiatric nursing =
Peplau
1st nurse to identify psychiatric-mental health nursing as essential for general nursing & as a specialty area that embraces specific governing principles + 1st nurse theorist to describe the nurse-patient relationship as the foundation of nursing practice + Shifted focus from what nurses do to patients to what they do with patients =
Peplau
Peplau’s theory mainly concerned itself with-
The process that nurses use to help PTs make positive changes in their healthcare status + well-being
Peplau proposed an approach that puts nurses into a position of being both-
Participants + Observers in therapeutic conversations
Peplau thought it was important to observe-
Both the PT’s behavior and your own behavior to keep the focus on the patient
Applied Sullivan’s theory of anxiety to nursing =
Peplau
Promoted interventions to help lower anxiety =
Peplau
Described the effects of the different levels of anxiety (Mild, Moderate, Severe, Panic) =
Peplau
Patricia Benner’s focus of nursing theory was-
Caring as foundation for nursing
Dorothea Orem’s focus of nursing theory was-
The goal of PT’s self-care is integral to the practice of nursing
Sister Calista Roy’s focus of nursing theory was-
Continual need for people to adapt physically, psychologically, and socially
Betty Neuman’s focus of nursing theory was-
Impact of internal + external stressors on the equilibrium of the system
Joyce Travelbee’s focus of nursing theory was-
Meaning in the nurse-patient relationship + the importance of communication
Developed as a protest to Freud’s theory that a person’s destiny was carved into stone at an early age =
Behavioral therapy
Hav no concerns with inner conflicts, argue that personality simply consists of learned behaviors =
Behaviorists
According to behaviorists, if behavior changes-
Then so does personality
Behaviorists believe that behavior can be influenced by-
Conditioning
Pairing a condition that reinforces/ diminishes a behavior’s occurrence =
Conditioning
Made the theory of Classical Conditioning =
Ivan Pavlov
Classical conditioned responses are-
Involuntary
A boy eats coleslaw, and becomes ill. Later in life, the boy feels ill whenever smelling coleslaw. This is an example of =
Classical Comditioning
A dog hears a bell everytime before they eat food, every time they hear a bell now, their mouths start to water. This is an example of-
Classical Conditioning
John B. Watson developed the thought of-
Behaviorism
The belief that personality traits and responses (adaptive + maladaptive) were socially learned through classical conditioning =
Behaviorism
B.F. Skinner researched-
Operant Conditioning
A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment for voluntary behavior =
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement =
Causes a behavior to occur more or less frequently depending if it’s positive or negative
Pulling a lever to get a food pellet or pulling a lever to make something unpleasant stop =
Positive Reinforcement
If you pull a lever and you suddenly get hit with leg pain for five minutes, you’re not gonna wanna press it again (Probably). This is an example of-
Negative Reinforcement
The absence of reinforcement. Decreasing a behavior by withholding a reward that has become habitual =
Extinction
Assumes that changes in maladaptive behavior can occur without insight into the underlying cause =
Behavior Therapy
When does behavioral therapy work best?
When it’s directed at specific problems + goals are well-defined
What is behavioral therapy effective in treating?
People with phobias, alcohol use disorder, schizophrenia, etc.
What are the 5 types of behavioral therapy?
Modeling, Operant Conditioning, Exposure & Response Prevention, Aversion Therapy, Biofeedback
When the therapist provides a role model for specific identified behaviors, and the patient learns through imitation =
Modeling
When using modeling, who can be the model?
It could be the therapist, it could be a filmed video model, etc.
Can role-playing be utilized in modeling?
Yes
The basis for behavior modification. Utilizes positive reinforcement when goals are achieved =
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning helps improve the verbal behavior of children who are -
Mute, Autistic, and Developmentally Disabled
Behavior modification helps increase levels of-
Self-care, social behavior, group participation, etc.
Used for people who experience anxiety due to fears, phobias, or traumatic memories =
Exposure Therapy
When you’re exposed to your fears overtime to get used to them =
Exposure Therapy
What are the types of exposure in exposure therapy =
Virtual Reality Exposure, Vivo Exposure, Imaginal Exposure
What is Vivo Exposure?
PT’s get exposed to their fears in a real-word setting
Aversion Therapy is used to treat conditions and behaviors such as -
Alcohol use disorder
Paraphilic disorders (Unwanted sexual urges and stuff)
Shoplifting
Aggressive behavior
Self-mutilation
When you pair a target behavior with a negative stimulus, to extinguish undesirable behavior =
Aversion Therapy
Applying bitter substances on the fingernails of fingernail biters is an example of -
Aversion Therapy
Is aversion therapy controversial because of a lack of research support?
Yup
Is Biofeedback successfully used nowadays?
Ye
What is biofeedback primarily used for?
Controlling the body’s physiological response to stress and anxiety
When small portable devices and mobile applications record and provide people with a variety of feedback on physical responses and performance =
Biofeedback
Behavior and health are closely linked.
True or false?
True
While behaviorists focused on increasing, decreasing, or eliminating measurable behaviors, they did not focus on-
The thoughts, or cognitions, that were involved in those behaviors
Cognitive theorists believe that-
Thoughts come before feelings and actions + Thoughts about the world and our place in it are based on our own unique perspectives (which may/ may not be based on reality)
Developed rational-emotive therapy in 1955 =
Albert Ellis
What’s the goal of Rational-Emotive Therapy?
To recognize thoughts that aren’t accurate, sensible, or useful
What kinds of thoughts may not be accurate, sensible, or useful?
They tend to take the form of shoulds and musts (“I should always be happy” “I must be thin”)
How does Ellis describe negative thinking?
They describe it as a A-B-C process
A is for-
Activating Event
B is for -
Beliefs about the event
C is for-
Emotional Consequence as a result of the event
F is for-
Friends who do stuff together, U is for you and me, N is for anywhere and any time at all down here in the deep blue sea!
F is for fire that burns down the whole town, Used for uranium bombs, N is for no survivors~!
Perception influences all thoughts, influenced thoughts =
Influenced Behaviors
Rational-Emotive Therapy is focused on -
Present attitudes, painful feelings, and dysfunctional behaviors
Realized that depressed people thought differently than those who weren’t. They had patterns of negative + self-critical thinking that seemed to distort their ability to think + process info =
Aaron T. Beck
To challenge the negative patterns of those with depression, Beck developed-
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
CBT is based on both-
Cognitive psychology + Behavioral therapy
The method of CBT has what kind of approach?
An Active, Directive, Time-Limited, Structured Approach
CBT is an evidence-based therapy that’s used to treat things like-
Depression, anxiety, phobias, and pain
According to Beck, people have-
Schemas
When people have assumptions about themselves, others, and the world in general =
Schemas
Are people typically aware of their own schemas?
No
Rapid, unthinking responses based on schemas =
Automatic Thoughts
Automatic thoughts are frequent in disorders like-
Depression + Anxiety
Cognitive Distortions are a form of-
Automatic thought
Automatic thoughts / cognitive distortions are -
Irrational + Lead to false assumptions & misinterpretations
What’s a Columned Thought Record?
A particularly useful CBT technique
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed in the 1990s to address-
Sexual abuse trauma in children
TF-CBT was quickly expanded to address the needs of-
Victims of any severe trauma or abuse
TF-CBT is usually short-term and lasts how many sessions?
12-16
Developed Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) =
Marsha Linehan
An integration of opposites =
A Dialectic
Helps the PT to give up extreme positions =
DBT
DBT was developed for people with intractable behavioral disorders involving-
Emotional Dysregulation
DBT improves treatment for PT’s who are-
Chronically suicidal + self-injuring women with BPD
Is DBT a long-term therapy?
Yes
What are some things that DBT touches on?
Mindfulness, Distress Tolerance, Interpersonal Effectiveness, Emotional Regulation
Is DBT helpful for helping treat depression, suicidal thoughts, hopelessness, anger, substance use, and dissociation?
Yes
A biological model / medical model of mental illness assumes that abnormal behavior is the result of a-
Physical problem
The Biological Model focuses on what kind’s of issues?
Neurological, Chemical, Biological, and Genetic Issues
Targets the site of illness using drugs, diet, or surgery =
Biological Model
Drug therapy =
Pharmacotherapy
Chlorpromazine (Now called Thorazine) =
A powerful anti-psychotic
Exerts differential effects on neurotransmitters + helps to restore brain function =
Psychotropic Meds
The oldest brain stimulation therapy =
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Brain Stimulation Therapies can be used to treat not just psychiatric disorders, but can also be used to treat -
Other neurological disorders like Parkinson’s Disease, Epilepsy, and Pain Conditions
ECT can treat disorders like-
Depression, Mania, Catatonia
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) can treat-
Depression
Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) can treat-
Depression
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) can treat disorders like-
Depression & OCD
Developed the Binet Intelligence Test =
Jean Piaget
Concluded that cognitive development was a dynamic progression from primitive awareness and simple reflexes to complex thought and responses =
(I fucking despise this textbook so much. You know they could explain this shit less confusingly but nOooOoo, we just have to make this content sound super complicated for literally no reason with long ass words and shit. ; - ;)
Piaget
I give up on the textbook 👍
