Halter Chapter 1 (Not Recommended) Flashcards
Describes health as “A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely a the absence of disease or infirmity”?
The World Health Organization (WHO)
A state of well-being in which people reach their own potential, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively, and contribute to the community =
Mental Health
Provides people with the capacity for rational thinking, communication skills, learning, emotional growth, resilience, and self-esteem =
Mental Health
Refers to all psychiatric disorders that have definable diagnosis =
Mental Illness
Mental illnesses can cause what kinds of disturbances in mental functioning?
Psychological, Developmental, and Psychological Disturbances
How many Americans have experienced a mental illness?
1 Fifth (~21 %)
What age group has the highest level of mental illness?
Young Adults aged 18-25
What percentage of young adults have a mental illness?
~24%
Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder are all-
Serious mental illnesses
What % of Americans have a serious mental illness?
5.2%
What % of adults have attempted suicide?
0.06%
What % of young adults aged 18-25 have attempted suicide?
1.2%
Mental health + Mental Illness can be conceptualized as points along a-
Mental Health Continuum
Mental well-being (Mental Health) is characterized by-
Adequate to high level functioning
If you have no impairments in daily functioning + have occasional stress to mild stress, then you are on what end of the mental health continuum?
You’re mentally well
If you have mild/temporary impairments in daily functioning + Mild to moderate distress, then you are on what end of the mental health continuum?
The Middle, you have Emotional Problems or Concerns
If you have moderate to disabling impairments in daily functioning + Marked distress, then you are on what end of the mental health continuum?
You have a mental illness
The distinguishing factor in mental illness is typically-
Chronic/ Long-Term Impairments that range from moderate to disabling
What are the contributing factors to mental health & well-being?
Environmental Factors, Social & Economic Factors, Individual Attributes & Behaviors
The characteristics that are inborn and learned that make us who we are =
Individual Attributes
Your ability to respond to social cues + participate in social activities is considered an-
Individual Attribute
Biological + Genetic Factors are both-
Individual Attributes
The ability + capacity for people to secure the resources that they need to support their well-being =
Resilience
If you are good at regulating your emotions + Not focusing on the negative, self-defeating thoughts, then you are -
Resilient
How can you tell how good that you are at regulating emotions and coping with difficult situations?
The Brief Resilient Coping Scale
The political climate + cultural considerations =
Environmental Factors
Access or lack of access to basic commodities or a supportive community to fall upon =
Environmental Factors
Mental refers to the-
Brain
Only occurs in specific socio-cultural contexts=
Culture-Bound Syndromes
The belief that the overall person is flawed =
Stigma
Stigma is characterized by-
Social Shunning, Disgrace, and Shame
The result of electrical disturbances in the brain =
Seizures
How can we see epilepsy?
Brain scans
There are specific biological tests that can be done to determine most psychiatric disorders.
True or false?
False
Can a cranial culture be done to diagnose major depressive disorder?
No
Can a MRI be done to diagnose OCD?
No
Researchers are convinced that the root of most mental disorders lies in-
Intercellular Abnormalities
We can now see clear signs of altered brain functioning and/or structure with several psychiatric disorders like-
Schizophrenia, OCD, Anxiety, Depression, and ADHD
Before the late 1800s, it was believed that mental illness was caused by-
Supernatural Forces
During the late 1800s, what made people start to briefly think the cause of mental illness was biological?
The “Germ Theory of Diseases”
Why was the Germ Theory of Diseases abandoned so quickly?
There was no “mania germ” that could be found under a microscope and then treated
Although biological treatments for mental illness continued to be explored after the germ theory, what kinds of theories still dominated?
Psychological Theories (These focused on the science of the mind and behavior)
When was the psychological focus challenged?
In 1952
Why was the psychological focus challenged in 1952?
Thorazine had calming effects on PT’s experiencing agitation and feeling out of control
The most accepted explanation of mental illness =
The Diathesis-Stress Model
A model in which diathesis represents biological predisposition + Stress represents environmental stress or trauma =
Diathesis-Stress Model
The Diathesis-Stress Model makes what kind of argument?
A Nature-Plus-Nurture Argument (Most mental illnesses come from genetics and negative environmental stressors)
When did groups of people with mental illnesses and their families fight against discrimination and forced treatment without a lack of input from the PT’s?
What were these groups of people called?
When were they formed?
What was this movement called?
The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) was formed in 1979.
They fought in the 1980s for non-discriminatory treatment.
This was called the Consumer Movement.
The consumer movement promoted the concept of-
Recovery
1990’s was dubbed by George H.W. Bush as-
The Decade of the Brain
Why was the 1990’s called what it was called?
Because if the large amount of advancements in progress of understanding how the brain works
The first Surgeon General’s report on the topic of mental health was made in 1999. What were it’s 2 main messages?
Mental health is important to overall health.
There are effective treatments to mental health.
A project that lasted from 1990 to 2003. Strengthened biological + genetic explanations for psychiatric conditions =
Human Genome Project
Highlighted effective treatments for mental illness + Addressed the gap between the best care and worst =
The National Academies of Medicine (Formerly called the Institute of Medicine or IOM)
Pushed for a change in the way nurses were to be educated =
The National Academies of Medicine
Developed a structure to support the education of future nurses who possess the things required to continuously improve the safety/quality of healthcare =
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Patient-Centered Care, Teamwork & Collaboration, Evidence-Based Practice, Quality Improvement, Safety, and Informatics are all key areas of care that are promoted by-
The QSEN (Quality & Safety Education for Nurses)
Developed innovative techniques + technologies to unravel the mystery of how the brain functions =
The BRAIN Initiative
The Wellstone-Domenici Act (2008) required that any mental health coverage plan would operate in a way that’s-
Equal with coverage from other health conditions
The Mental Health Parity Act (1996) fought for-
Equal treatment from insurance companies regarding Mental Health
What further improved upon how mental health was treated by insurers and covered the Parity Laws’ weak spots?
The Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010
The quantitative study of the distribution of mental disorders in human populations =
Epidemiology
The leading cause of disability worldwide =
Major Depressive Disorder
The presence of more than one mental disorder =
Comorbity
Schizophrenia is usually comorbid with diabetes due to-
The side effects of anti-psychotic meds
Conveys info about the risk of catching a disease =
Incidence
Refers to the number of new cases of mental disorders within a given time frame =
Incidence
Describes the total number of cases (New and existing) in a given time frame (regardless of they became ill) =
Prevalence
“How many people have this disease right now in this state?” Is answered by-
Prevalence
“How at risk am I of getting this disease if I move to this different place?” Is answered by-
Incidence
The risk that one will develop a specific disease over their lifetime. Higher than both incidence and prevalence =
Lifetime Risk Data
If epidemiology is the study of epidemics, then what is clinical epidemiology?
Broader and examines health and illness at the population level
Can reveal the frequency with which psychological symptoms appear together with physical illness =
Clinical Epidemiology
Depression is a significant risk factor for death in people with-
Cardiovascular disease or breast cancer
Care based on responses to illness =
Nursing Care
The 2 major classification systems for guidelines with planning patient care + Planning reimbursement for services =
The DSM-5
The ICD-10-CM
Which one is more predominant, the DSM-5, or the ICD-10-CM?
The DSM-5
The DSM identifies disorders based on-
Specific Criteria
Can serve as a epidemiological tool for collecting statistics about the psychiatric disorders =
The DSM-5
The DSM classifies people, it does not classify disorders.
True or false?
False, it classifies disorders and NOT people
Crises may be based on what forms of distress?
Physical, Mental, Psychological, or Spiritual
What is the difference between mental and psychological?
I’ll keep it a buck fifty with you, I’ve got no clue on this one boss. I think it’s the same thing, and my old pal Google agreed with me. But then the textbook words it a lot like they are two completely different things.
Nursing specialty that is dedicated to promoting mental health =
Psychiatric-Mental Health
Does a psychiatric-mental health nurse use the same nursing process as a regular nurse?
Yes
Human experiences can responses are a-
Phenomena of Concern
Provides framework for identifying what nursing interventions to use whenever dealing with a patient’s reaction to a disorder =
The DSM-5
PMH-RN stands for-
Psychiatric-Mental Health Registered Nurse
When nurses adjust their practices to meet their PT’s cultural beliefs, practices, needs, and preferences =
Cultural Competence
Electronic Healthcare is currently getting wide-
Acceptance
What made telehealth pop off?
Covid 19
NAMI is a -
Consumer mental health group
Monitors legislative, regulatory, and policy matters affecting psychiatric nursing + mental health =
The APNA
Mental illness is-
Brain based and is therefore a physical illness
Challenges researchers to seek for mental disorders at the molecular level =
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
Chapter Review Q1:
When providing respectful, appropriate nursing care, how should the nurse identify the PT and his/her observable characteristics?
A.) “The manic PT in room 234.”
B.) “The PT in room 234 is manic.”
C.) “The PT is room 234 is possibly manic.”
D.) “The PT in room 234 is displaying manic behavior.”
D
Chapter Review Q2:
Recognizing the frequency of depression among the American population, the nurse should advocate for which mental health promotion intervention?
A.) Including discussions on depression as part of school health issues.
B.) Providing regular depression screening for adolescent + teenage students.
C.) Increasing the number of community-based depression hotlines available to the public.
D.) Encouraging senior centers to provide info on accessing community depression resources.
B
Chapter Review Q3:
Which statement made by a PT demonstrates a healthy degree of resilience? Select all that apply
A.) “I try not to take other people’s bad moods personally.”
B.) “I know that if I get really mad, I’ll end up feeling depressed.”
C.) “I really feel like sometimes bad things are meant to happen.”
D.) “I’ve learned to calm down before trying to defend my opinions.”
E.) “I know that discussing issues with my boss would help me get my point across.”
A, D, E
Chapter Review Q4:
Which statement demonstrates the nurse’s understanding of the effect of environmental factors on a PT’s mental health?
A.) “I’ll need to assess how the PT’s family views mental illness.”
B.) “There is a history of depression in the PT’s extended family.”
C.) “I’m not familiar with the PT’s cultural view on suicide.”
D.) “The PT’s ability to pay for mental health services needs to be assessed.”
C
Chapter Review Q5:
When considering stigmatization, which statement made by the nurse demonstrates a need for immediate intervention by the nurse manager?
A.) “Depression seems to be a real problem among the teen-age population.”
B.) “My experience has been that the Irish have a problem with alcohol use.”
C.) “Women are at greater risk for developing suicidal thoughts than acting on them.”
D.) “We’ve admitted several military veterans with PTSD this month.”
B
Chapter Review Q6:
A nursing student new to psychiatric-mental health nursing asks a peer what resources he can use to figure out which symptoms are present in a psychiatric disorder. The best answer would be:
A.) National Institute of Mental Illness.
B.) National Alliance on Mental Illness.
C.) International Classification for Nursing Process.
D.) DSM.
D
Chapter Review Q7:
Epidemiological studies contribute to improvements in care for individuals with mental disorders by:
A.) Providing info about effective nursing techniques.
B.) Identifying risk factors that contribute to the development of a disorder.
C.) Identifying people in the general population who will develop a specific disorder.
D.) Identifying which people will respond favorably to a specific treatment.
B, D
Chapter Review Q8:
Which of the following activities would be considered nursing care and appropriate to be performed by a basic level nurse for a PT suffering from mental illness?
A.) Treating major depressive disorder.
B.) Teaching coping skills for a specific family dynamic.
C.) Conducting psychotherapy.
D.) Prescribing Antidepressant Medication.
B
Chapter Review Q9:
Which statement about mental illness is true?
A.) Mental illness is a matter of individual nonconformity with societal norms.
B.) Mental illness is present when irrational and illogical behavior occurs.
C.) Mental illness changes with culture, time in history, political systems, and the group defining it.
D.) Mental illness is evaluated solely by considering individual control over behavior and appraisal of reality.
C
Chapter Review Q10:
Which statement is true in regard to overall health?
A.) There is no relationship between physical and mental health.
B.) Poor physical health can lead to mental distress and disorders.
C.) Poor mental health does not lead to physical illness.
D.) There is a strong relationship between physical health and mental health.
E.) Mental health needs take precedence over physical health needs.
B, D
