Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Flashcards
Used to treat typhus fever:
Chloramphenicol
Used to treat malaria:
Chloroquine
The common name for vicinal dihalides:
Alkylene dihalide
The common name for gem dihalide:
Aklylidene halide
Order of reactivity to reactions of alcohol:
3>2>1
Order of reactivity to free radicle halogenation:
3>2>1
Test for unsaturation:
Decolorisation of reddish-brown bromine water
Metal flourides:
Hg2F2, CoF2, SbF3, AgF
KCN:
(Ionic) CN-
RCN: Cyanide
AgCN
(Covalent) XCN-
RNC: isocyanide
NaNO2/KNO2
R-ONO (nitrile)
```
~~~
AgNO2
R-NO2 (nitro)
Order of reactivity in Sn2
1>2>3 (Based on steric hindrance)
Polar protic solvent:
Has dielectric constant greater than 5
Order of reactivity in Sn1
3>2>1 (stabilising effect)
Dextorotatory compounds:
(+)/d-form compounds
Show optical activity to the right, clockwise
Laevorotatory:
(-)/l-form compounds
Show optical activity to the left, anticlockwise
Sn2 proceeds with:
Inversion
Sn1 proceeds with:
Racemisation
Alc. KOH:
C2H5O- –> bulky nucleophile —> preferes to abstract a proton and act as a base —-> elimination over substitution —-> alkene.
Aq. KOH:
OH- - –> STRONG nucleophile —> preferes to act as a nucleophile —-> substitution over elimination —-> alcohol.
Dichloro methane:
CH2Cl2
-solvent for paint removers, propellors for aerosols and use to manufacture drugs.
-Impraired vision + hearing, can burn the skin and the cornea, can cause dizziness and tingling of the hands and legs.
Trichloro-methane:
CHCl3
- As a solvent for fats and alkoids.
- Used to make freons
- Used as an anesthetic
- Can depress the nervous system, causing fatigue and dizziness.
- Can damange the liver, where it is metabolised to phosgene (CoCl2)
CHCl3 + O2 —–> COCl2 + 2HCl
Tetrachloro-methane
CCl4
-For refrigerants and propellants
-Used to synthesise chloroflorocarbons
-Was used for cleaning
-Can cause liver cancer, permanent nerve damange, stupor, coma and even death.
-Depletes the ozone layer
Freons
-Chloroflorocarbons of methane and ethane
Freon 12: CCl2F2 (manufactured from tetrachloromethane by Swarts reaction)
DDT:
P,P-Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloro-ethane
Aromatic and Aliphatic:
Test with aq. NaOH, followed by AgNo3—> white ppt.
Aromatic : doesn’t answer the test
Aliphatic: does answer the test
Allylic and Vinylic:
Aq. KOH, followed by AgNO3, white ppt.
Allylic: answeres the test
Vinylic: doesn’t answer the test
Unsaturated vs saturated:
Bromine water test
Unsaturated: answeres the test
Saturdated: doesn’t answer the test
Trichloromethane (chloroform) and tetrachloromethane
Reaction with alc.KOH (3KOH) and RNH2 —-> RNC (isocyanide) + 3KCl + 3H2O
