Biomolecules Flashcards
What is:
Biochemistry?
The study of chemical components within living systems/
What are:
Cardohydrates?
Optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or any substance that yeilds such units on hydrolysis.
sweet carbohyde
Classify:
Carbohydrates based on their behaviour on hydrolysis:
- Monosaccharides
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides (non-sugars)
List:
Examples of monosaccharides:
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Ribose
List:
Examples of disaccharides:
- Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
- Maltose ( glucose+ glucose)
List:
Examples of polysaccharides:
- Starch
- Cellulose
- Glycogen
Classify:
Sugars on the basis of their reaction to Tollen’s and Felhing’s reagents:
- Reducing sugars ( all monosaccharides, lactose and maltose)
- Non-reducing sugars (sucrose)
What is:
The configuration and opitcal activity of the glucose molecule?
D - ( + ) - glucose
List:
Reactions with glucose:
- Reaction with HI
- Reaction with HCN and NH2-OH
- Reaction with Br water
- Reaction with acetic anhydride
- Reaction with conc. HNO3 (oxidation)
List:
Reactions to justify the pyranose structure:
- no reaction with 2,4- DNP or Schiff’s test
- No addition product with NaHSO3
- Pentacetate does not react with NH2-OH
- 2 crystalline structures
List:
The 2 types of glucose:
- Alpha glucose ( has H on top)
- Beta glucose ( has OH on top)
What is:
The configuration and opitcal activity of the fructose molecule?
D - ( - ) - fructose
List:
The 2 types of fructose:
- Alpha fructose ( has CH2OH on top)
- Beta fructose ( has CH2OH on the bottom)
What is:
Sucrose?
A disaccharide ( C12H22O11) that is fromed by the glycosidic linkage between:
- a - D glucose and B- D fuctose ( C1 and C2)
(is a non-reducing sugar) (inversion of cane sugar)
What is:
Maltose?
A disaccharide ( C12H22O11) that is fromed by the glycosidic linkage between:
- a - D- glucose and a- D glucose (C1 and C4)
(is a reducing sugar)
What is:
Lactose?
A disaccharide ( C12H22O11) that is fromed by the glycosidic linkage between:
- B - D - galactose and B - D - glucose (C1 and C4)
(is a reducing sugar)
List:
2 types of starch:
- Amylose ( polysaccharide of a - D - glucose ) with C1-C4 linkage. (water soluble) (15 - 20%)
- Amylopectin (polysacchairde of a - D- glucose + branching) with C1 - C4 linkage and branching at C1-C6 (water insoluble) (80 - 85%)
What is:
Cellulose?
A polysaccharide of B - D - glucose (C1 - C4 linkage)
What is:
A protein?
A polypeptide (a polymer of amino acids)
Classify:
Proteins based on the proximity between the -NH2 and -COOH group:
- Alpha amino acids
- Beta amino acids
- Gamma amino acids
Classify:
Amino acids on the basis of basicity/acidity:
- Neutral: (glycine, alanine and valine)
- Acidic (aspartic acid and glutamic acid)
- Basic (lysine)
Classify:
Amino acids as essential/non-essential:
- Essential ( valine, leucine, arginine, threonine, lysine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, histidine, tryptophan, phenylalanine)
- Non- essential (everything else)
What is:
A zwitterion?
a dipolar molecules that is amphoteric in a soltution.
Classify:
Proteins as fiborous and globular:
- Fibrous (parallel polypeptide) (water insoluble) (keratin, myosin)
- Globular ( coiled polypeptide) (water soluble) (insulin, albumins)
List:
Levels of protein structure:
- Primary
- Secondary (a or b helix)
- Tertiary (fibrous or globular)
- Quaternary
What is:
Denaturing of protein?
When a native protein is subjected to physical and chemical changes, it uncoils/unwinds and loses its biological activity.
( The primary structure remains intact)
What is:
A vitamin?
An organic compounds required in trace amounts through the diet in order to maintain optimum growth and health of organisms.
(our bodies cannot produce most vitamins, except for the bacteria in the gut)
Classify:
Vitamins are fat-soluble and water-soluble:
- Fat soluble (A, D, E, K)
- Water soluble (B and C)
Except B12,none of the water soluble vitamins can be stored in the body.
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Deficiency of Vitamin A causes —
— Xerophthalmia and night blindness
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Deficiency of Vitamin B1 causes —
B1 (thiamine)
Beri Beri
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Deficiency of Vitamin B2 causes —
B2 (Riboflavin)
Cheilosis
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Deficiency of Vitamin B6 causes —
B6 (pyridoxine)
Convulsions
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Deficiency of Vitamin B12 causes —
Pernicious anaemia
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Deficiency of Vitamin C causes —
Scurvy
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Deficiency of Vitamin D causes —
Rickets in children and Osteo-malacia in adults
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Deficiency of Vitamin E causes —
Fragility of RBCs and muscular weakness
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Deficiency of Vitamin K causes —
Increased blood clotting time.
What is:
A nucleic acid:
The particles in the cell nucleus responsible for heredity (chromosomes) are made of proteins and nucleic acids.
A nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides..
What is:
Products of hydrolysis of nucleic acids:
- Pentose sugar
- Nitrogen base
- Phosphoric acid group
Diff. between
DNA and RNA
- DNA ( sugar = B - D- 2- deoxyribose)
Base pairs = A, T, G, C
Has a PO4 group - RNA (sugar = B- D - ribose)
Base pairs = A, G, C, U
Has a PO4 group
Diff. between:
Nucleosides and Nucleotides:
- Nucleoside ( N.B at C1 )
- Nucleotide (N.B at C1 and PO4 at C5)
What is:
A polynucleotide:
The C5 of a nucleotide is attached to the C3 of the other nucleotide (phosphodiester linkage) .
What is:
Secondary structure of DNA:
(Watson and Crick helical model)
A pairs with 2 H bonds to T
G pairs with 3 H bonds to C
List:
Types of RNA:
- mRNA
- tRNA
- rRNA
List:
Types of Hormones:
- Steroid hormones (estrogen and androgen)
- Polypeptide hormones (insulin and endorphins)
- Amino acid derivative hormones ( epinephrine and norepinephrine)
