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CHEMISTRY module 4 - core organic chemistry > haloalkanes > Flashcards

haloalkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

haloalkanes

A

compounds in which a halogen atom has replaced at least one of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane chain

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2
Q

classification of haloalkanes

A

depends on how many alkyl groups are bonded to the carbon atom that has the halogen atom

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3
Q

functional group in a haloalkane

A

is the carbon halogen bond

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4
Q

why is c-halogen bond polar

A

halogen atom is more electronegative than carbon

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5
Q

electrophile

A

electron pair acceptor

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6
Q

nucleophile

A

electron pair donor

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7
Q

examples of nucleophiles

A

OH- hydroxide ion
NH3 ammonia
H2O water
CN- cyanide ion

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8
Q

nucleophile must possess…

A

a lone pair of electrons and is attracted to areas of positive charge/partial positive charge so must be negative

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9
Q

nucleophilic substitution

A

an electron pair donor replaces a halogen atom

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10
Q

hydrolysis

A

chemical reaction involving water or an aqueous solution of a hydroxide ion that causes the breaking of a bond in a molecule
results in the molecule being split into two products

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11
Q

nucleophilic substitution reagents

A

aqueous alkali such as NaOH or KOH

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12
Q

nucleophilic substitution conditions

A

heat under reflux

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13
Q

heating under reflux

A

involves the continuous boiling and condensing of a liquid allowing prolonged heating of the mixture and prevents loss by evaporation preventing the liquid boiling dry

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14
Q

trend in increasing reactivity of halogens

A

fluorine –> chlorine –> bromine –> iodine

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15
Q

rate of hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes reagents

A

aqueous silver nitrate, AGNO3

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16
Q

rate of hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes conditions

A

ethanol solvent and heat (in a water bath)

17
Q

method to measure rate of hydrolysis of primary haloalkane

A

place a set amount of haloalkane into a test tube and place in a water bath at 50 degrees
place a set amount of ethanol and aqueous silver nitrate into another test tube and place the test tube in the same water bath at 50 degrees
when the liquids in the test tubes have reached the same temperature add the contents of one test tube to the other test tube and replace in the water bath
time how long it takes for the precipitate to form in the test tube
the rate of hydrolysis =1/time

18
Q

why is the rate of hydrolysis of 1-iodobutane faster than the rate of hydrolysis of 1 chlorobutane

A

the rate of hydrolyis depends upon the strength of the carbon halogen bond
the C-I bond in 1-iodibutane is weaker than the C-Cl bond in 1-chlorobutane
less energy is needed to break the C-I bond so the rate of hydrolysis is faster

19
Q

reaction of a haloalkane and cyanide ion reagents

A

sodium cyanide (NaCN) or potassium cyanide (KCN)

20
Q

reaction of a haloalkane and cyanide ion conditions

A

dissolved in ethanol

21
Q

why can ammonia behave as a nucleophile

A

the N atom has a lone pair of electrons which can be donated

22
Q

what are CFCs

A

inert (unreactive) non toxic and non flammable

23
Q

why are CFCs no longer used

A

their use results in the depletion of the ozone layer

24
Q

alternative to CFCs

A

HFCs

25
Q

what is the ozone layer

A

region of earth’s stratosphere (upper atmoshphere) that absorbs most of the sun’s harmful UV radiation
it contains a high concentration of ozone O3 relative to other parts of the atmosphere

26
Q

what has happened to the ozone layer

A

use of CFCs has increased the rate of ozone depletion

27
Q

how have CFCs caused the breakdown of the ozone

A

CFC molecules produce Cl radicals in the atmosphere by homolytic fission of a C-Cl bond

28
Q

initiation step using CFCl3

A

CFCl3 –> Cl radicals + CFCl2 radicals

29
Q

propagation 1 step using CFCl3

A

Cl radicals + O3 –> ClO radicals + O2

30
Q

propagation 2 step using CFCl3

A

CIO radicals + O –> Cl radicals + O2

31
Q

overall equation using CFCl3

A

O3 +O –> 2O2

32
Q

name another radical that catalyzes the breakdown of the ozone

A

NOx such as NO radicals which are produced in the atmosphere during a lightning strike or inside a jet engine

33
Q

initiation step using N2

A

N2 + O2 –> 2NO radicals

34
Q

propagation 1 step using N2

A

NO radicals + O3 –> NO2 radicals + O2

35
Q

propagation 2 step using N2

A

NO2 radicals + O –> NO radicals + O2

36
Q

overall equation using N2

A

O3 + O –> 2O2

CHEMISTRY module 4 - core organic chemistry (4 decks)

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