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Psychopharmacology > Hallucinogens > Flashcards

Hallucinogens Flashcards

1
Q

Hallucinogens

A
  • hallucinogens =hallucinate (visual)
  • psychedelics = mind-expanding
  • features: hallucinations, altered perceptions, changes in though, emotion, and consciousness
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2
Q

Many cases of hallucinogens

A
  • serotonergic hallucinogens: classical psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline)
  • Methylated amphetamines: MDMA
  • anticholinergic hallucinogens: atropine, scopolamine, amanita muscaria
  • dissociative anaesthetics: phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine
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3
Q

Serotinergic Hallucinogens

A

Natural

  • many hallucinogenic plants
  • ancient times
  • religious purposes: entheogen

Synthetic
- LSD

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4
Q

Psilocybin

A
  • psilociben mushrooms

- aztec and mayan people: “teonanácatl”

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5
Q

Mescaline

A
  • peyote cactus

- aztecs and ancient tribes

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6
Q

Lysergic Acid

A
  • ergot fungus
  • infested rye
  • contaminated rye bread (middle ages)
  • witches?
  • ergotism (st anthonys fire)
  • vasoconstriction
  • hallucinations
  • uses
  • migrane
  • uterine contractions
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7
Q

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

A
  • synthetic: derived from ergot fungus
  • Hofmann, LSD-25
  • adjunct to psychotherapy
  • psychotomimetic
  • break down ego defences
  • aldous huxley: doors of perception
  • timothy leary: turn on. tune in. drop put.
  • hippie subculture of the 60s: music, art
  • now: club drug
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8
Q

Mechanism of Action: LSD-like drugs

A
  • serotonin (5 hydroxytryptamine)
  • many receptor sub-types
  • 7 different receptors for serotonin
  • agonist at 5HT 2A
  • classical hallucinogen (5HT and visual)
  • increase glutamate in the cortex: likely the cause of visual hallucinations
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9
Q

Psychological Effects LSD-like drugs

A
  • variable responses: drug, user, environment
  • visual hallucinations
  • kaleidoscopic explosions
  • intense colors, brightness
  • lattice patterns
  • synesthesia
  • stationary objects seem moving
  • negative responses possible
  • primary effects are visuals
  • See things that are there in a different way, not random things that aren’t there
  • Psychedelics = expanding mind: altered perception
  • Synaesthesia: altered perception: perceive a sound as something visual: as a colour pattern
  • art movement in the 60’s: insight while under the influence – reflections
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10
Q

Psychological Effects LSD-like drugs

A
  • mood effects
  • overall sense of happiness and euphoria
  • contemplative, emotional, dreamy
  • spiritual or religious experiences
  • impulsive and poor judgement
  • vMicro dosing LDS: not enough for all hallucinations, but does stimulate creativity and focus: contemplation
  • Entheogen
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11
Q

Physiological Effects

A
  • sympathomimetics
  • fight or flight reaction
  • vasoconstriction, slows digestion, increase heart rate
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12
Q

Adverse Effects of LSD-like drugs

A
  • bad trip: acute panic or paranoid
  • flashbacks (HPPD)
  • birth defects?
  • danger in pregnancy
  • psychiatric disorders
  • Bad trip can lead to psychosis
  • Trip can go from euphoric and nice and then switch to a bad trip  can happen at any time
  • Drug, user and setting dependent  when already anxious more likely to get a bad trip
  • Late 50’s gave prisoners LSD  all killed themselves because they got so paranoid
  • Very structured rigid environments trigger paranoia
  • Give benzodiazepines if anxiety takes over too much
  • Flashbacks: months or years later of LSD like experiences suddenly  can be induced by stress, fatigue
  • Hallucinogen Persisting Perceptive Disorder (HPPD)  probably with long term heavy use  idea that this can be treated with antiepileptics
  • LSD damages chromosomes according to a finding  only done with a few cells, not a whole organism  no actual correlation with birth defects
  • Can force a miscarriage or abortion due to LSD causing uterine contractions
  • Polydrug use? Difficult to determine which drug causes the psychosis: also predispositions have to be taken into account (environmental switch)
  • Charles Manson: heavy LSD use  killed a bunch of people on LSD
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13
Q

Pharmacokinetics: absorption

A
  • oral: gel, tablet, blotter paper
  • 20-60 min onset of action
  • LSD most powerful of all studied drugs
  • 100x more powerful than psilocybin
  • 1000x more potent than Mescaline
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14
Q

Pharmacokinetics: distribution

A
  • readily crosses BBB

- about 12h duration of action

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15
Q

Pharmacokinetics: metabolism and elimination

A
  • Rapidly metabolized and eliminated (within 2 days) -

- Hard to detect

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16
Q

Methylated Amphetamines

A
  • MDMA
  • “molly”: molecular, “pure”
  • psychedelic amphetamine
  • stimulant effects of amphetamine and hallucinogenic effects of mescaline
  • Amphetamine with psychedelic effects
  • Methylenedioxymethamphetamine - Structurally similar to mescaline and amphetamine
  • Molly crystalline powder
  • Stimulant effect of amphetamines and hallucinogenic effects of mescaline
17
Q

History and Epidemiology

A
  • MDMA: 1914 Merck (hemostatic)
  • 1960’s: MDA and rediscovered MDMA
  • psychotherapy
  • 1985: schedule I
  • 1990s “rave” scene
  • Trying to find something to stop blood flow: MDMA was found
  • 60’s counterculture movement
  • Psychotherapy: psych mimetic, pull down ego defences, MDMA very successful to get patients more empathetic  “love drug”, couples therapy, anxiety, depression
  • Still some therapeutic use: PTSD, preparation for death
  • Pretty late on Schedule I
  • 1990 techno scene: feelings of love, no aggression at all
18
Q

Mechanism of Action MDMA

A
  • blocks reuptake of MAs: serotonin more than dopamine
  • leads to increase of Monoamines
  • also increased release
  • pleasure and reward
  • after several hours: comedown, depression, anxiety, stress, residual empathy and closeness (afterglow)
  • Not sure, but amphetamine’s might also stimulate the release of NT, not only blocking the reuptake
  • Comedown not as severe as with methamphetamine  moody Tuesday
  • Depression due to dopamine and serotonin depletion
  • Also increasein norepinephrine
19
Q

Effects of MDMA

A
  • sympathomimetics
  • anorectic effects
  • behavioral effects
  • elation and mood elevation
  • emotional warmth and empathy
  • enhanced talkativeness and sociability
  • increased alertness and arousal
  • mild psychedelia
  • Loss appetite
  • Special for MDMA: increase in body temperature, well-being
  • Bruxism: grinding of the teeth
  • Nystagmus: eyes rolling back
  • Also called empathogens due to increase of empathy
  • No visual hallucinations, but colours and sounds are enhanced
20
Q

Toxicity

A
  • dehydration (elevated body temperature), heart stroke and heat exhaustion
  • hyponatremia
  • possibly toxic adulterants
  • long-term side effects: neurotoxicity (serotinergic) and psychiatric and behavioural problems
  • addiction potential
  • Drink too much  low on sodium: hyponatremia  can kill as well
  • But important to drink much, maybe better with Aquarius
  • A lot of the pills don’t actually contain MDMA, but MDA which is more toxic (derivative)
  • Some of the pills might even contain heroin or bath salts
  • Lots of toxic reports, probably because of contaminates more than MDMA
  • Huge vary of dose between samples
  • Long-term: long lasting damage to neurons that produce serotonin: shown in animal studies  anatomical changes, less production of serotonin  no studies with humans
  • Heavy users do describe serotonin related problems: sleep, mood, memory, cognition  not easy to say of MDMA or contaminates induce these effects
  • Addiction potential not particularly high
21
Q

Anticholinergic Hallucinations

A
  • atropine and scopolamine (belladonna/deadly nightshade)
  • amanita muscaria (fly agaric)
  • Block acetylcholine
  • Huge pupil dilation
  • Blocking parasympathetic nervous system: block acetylcholine  sympathetic nervous system gains effect: pupil dilation
  • Some delium aspects
  • used in clinics to dilate pupils
  • Magic mushrooms
22
Q

Anticholinerigic hallucinations

A
  • dreamlike trance / stupor, vivid visions
  • deliriants: confusion and inability to control actions
  • antagonist at ACh receptor
  • nerve gas antidote
  • Block acetylcholine
  • Dreamlike trance with higher doses
  • Deliriants differ from other hallucinogens
  • Nerve gas as antidote for anticholinergic hallucinogens
23
Q

Dissociatives

A
  • PCP and ketamine
  • i.v. anaesthetic: sedation, immobility, amnesia, and market analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment
  • veterinary medicine: too many SEs in humans
  • smoking, orally, injection
  • Phencyclidine 1950 as anaesthetic gas
  • Ketamine also anaesthetic
  • Pain relief
  • But too many side effects: hyperexcitability, delirium, visual disturbances
  • Strong feeling of dissociative feeling from one own body
  • Used for veterinary medicine
24
Q

Effects of PCP and Ketamine

A
  • euphoria and numbness
  • aggressive and hyperactive
  • distortions of space, time and body image
  • sympathomimetic effects

Psychopharmacology (7 decks)

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