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Psychopharmacology > Alcohol > Flashcards

Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

types of alcohol

A
  • ethanol: alcoholic beverages, solvent, antibacterial gel
  • isopropyl alcohol / propanol: rubbing alcohol
  • methyl alcohol / methanol: wood alcohol, highly toxic to humans (destroys optic nerve)
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2
Q

ethanol

A
  • C2H5OH
  • C2H5: hydrophobic
  • OH: hydrophilic
  • duality helps dissolve
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3
Q

fermentation

A
  • yeast metabolizes the dissolved sugars
  • C6H206: sugar
  • sugar broken down by enzymes into alcohol
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4
Q

alcoholic beverages

A
  • wine: grape juice
  • beer: grain
  • spirits (brandy, whiskey, vodka): distil wine or beer: concentrate alcohol from wine and beer, evaporate off to separate alcohol from water
  • only difference is the source of sugar
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5
Q

alcohol origin

A
  • natural fermentation (yeast)
  • ancient civilizations: rotten fruit
  • 6000BC egypt
  • distillation: china, 1000AD
  • western europe: trade, war, travel (800AD)
  • americas: pilgrim fathers
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6
Q

gin law

A
  • 1730’s in UK because gin caused such a mess in the society
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7
Q

alcohol in america

A
  • colonial america: heavy drinking (5 drinks a day)
  • problems created negative attitudes toward alcohol
  • temperance movement lead to prohibition (1920): mostly by bis companies because workers would be drunk and unproductive
  • difficult limiting alcohol consumption: people go to other drugs (weed)
  • prohibition might have contributed to great depression in 1920’s
  • alcohol consumption in US falling
  • heavy use: men, white, 18-25
  • considered “heavy” when related to negative impact on daily life
  • about 5% between 18-25 have alcohol use substance disorder
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8
Q

college students and alcohol

A
  • 80% students drank alcohol last year
  • binge drinking: 41% women, 49% men
  • binge drinking: men 5 or more drinks an hour, women 4 or more
  • heaviest drinking: first year, whites, members of fraternity, sorority, athletes (team pressure)
  • changing attitudes: more abstainers, increased alcohol prevention efforts
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9
Q

standard drink

A
  • 0.5 ounce of alcohol
  • 15 grams
  • 3 tsp of ethanol
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10
Q

pharmocokinetics: absorption

A
  • oral administration: small intestine
  • peak plasma concentration: 30-90 mins (lots of variation)
  • food slows absorption
  • increased absorption rate: empty stomach, faster drinking, higher concentrations of alcohol, carbon dioxide (bubbles: more surface area, faster absorbed)
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11
Q

pharmacokinetics: distribution

A

enters all body tissues, proportional to water content of the organ

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12
Q

pharmacokinetics: metabolization

A
  • liver
  • enzyme: alcohol dehydrogenase
  • broken down in liver at steady rate: 1 unit/hour
  • liver damage: more toxic effects
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13
Q

pharmacokinetics: elimination

A
  • kidneys

- damages in kidney: more toxic effects

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14
Q

blood alcohol concentration

A
  • BAC
  • used as measure of intoxication
  • measured by: blood test, breath (breathalyzer), urine
  • mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood
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15
Q

alcohol legal limit

A

0.08%

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16
Q

variations in BAC

A
  • number and type of drinks in time
  • body weight
  • body fat: more body fat, higher BAC, less diluted
  • gender: female, less enzymes and more fat
  • rate of absorption
  • fasted or fed-state
  • level of hydration: more water, more diluted
  • metabolism of alcohol: depends on number of enzymes and liver functioning
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17
Q

average american male

A
  • 180 pounds
  • 2-3 drinks: driving might be impaired
  • 4-5 drinks: legally intoxicated
  • abrupt change in mood as you go over 0.1%
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18
Q

average american female

A
  • 160 pounds
  • 2 drinks: driving may be impaired
  • 3 drinks: legally intoxicated
  • more body fat, less body weight
  • less alcohol dehydrogenase
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19
Q

pharmacology: alcohol

A
  • CNS depressant: biphasic effect (initially mood elevating)
  • initially good mood and elation
  • subsequently CN depression: sleepy > coma > death
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20
Q

alcohol mechanism of action

A
  • non-specific effects on cell membrane
  • unusual among drugs: usually lock and key effect
  • floods membranes and disrupts the phospholipids and proteins
  • very soluble: washes proteins out and disrupts membranes (similar to anaesthetics)
  • disrupts neural transmission: CNS depression
21
Q

alcohol effects on neurotransmitters

A
  • agonist at inhibitory GABA receptors
  • chloride ions come in: negative charge (hyperpolarization)
  • post synaptic neuron becomes fore negative: stops post synaptic neurons firing
  • enhances serotonin and dopamine transmission (particularly in limbic system)
22
Q

summary of acute effects of alcohol

A
  • initially: good mood and euphoria

- as dose increase: lethargy, confusion, coma, death

23
Q

low doses

A
  • good mood (0.1%)
  • relaxation and less anxiety at 0.05%
  • alone consumption: sleepy (environment effect)
  • social setting: reduced social inhibition, talkative, confident (anti-anxiety effect related to this): 1 or 2 drinks
  • CNS depression: fine movements, impaired judging, short attention span, decreased sensitivity to pain
24
Q

lethargy

A
  • 0.2%
  • sleepy: depends on environment
  • change of mood: environment, social customs
  • memory deficit
  • motor impairment: ataxia (related to effects on cerebellum
  • sensory impairment: blurred vision, numbness
25
Q

BAC switching from friendly to hostile

A

0.1%

26
Q

confusion

A
  • 0.3%
  • profound confusion
  • severe sensory and motor impairment
  • dose dependent respiratory depression
  • nausea and vomiting: body recognizing toxicity
  • gag reflex depressed due to CNS depression: risk of chocking to death (food/vomit going down the air tube)
27
Q

stages of intoxication

A
  1. low dose
  2. lethargy
  3. confusion
  4. stupor
    5 coma > death
28
Q

stupor

A
  • 0.4%
  • movements severely impaired: fatal dimensions
  • slow and shallow breathing
  • lapses in and out of consciousness
  • loss of bodily functions: decreased blood pressure: cardiac arrest
  • risk of death, seizures (low blood sugar), hypothermia (body cannot regulate own temperature anymore)
29
Q

coma and death

A
  • unconsciousness
  • depressed reflexes: pupil reflex test
  • very slow and shallow breathing
  • heart rate slows/stops
  • death
30
Q

alcohol and behavior (psy effects)

A
  • good mood and elation: low BACs
  • change at 0.1% BAC
  • antisocial behavior, aggression, violence, sexual activity
31
Q

alcohol and aggression (psy effects)

A
  • associated with violent crimes
  • alc involved in about 50% of all crimes: more than any other drug
  • murder, suicide, domestic violence, rape, abuse
  • 18-30 year old males
  • sporting events and fraternities
  • 90% of all campus crimes related to alcohol use
32
Q

alcohol disinhibition theory (psy effects)

A
  • weakens brain mechanisms that normally restrain impulsive behaviors: prefrontal cortex
  • behavior that is normally inhibited by the society
  • lack of restraint: reckless, dangerous, overly sexual, aggression, misjudge situations (overjudging)
  • simplified model: needs to take expectations and believes into account
33
Q

study for aggression and alcohol (psy effects)

A
  • divided in two groups
  • one group got sweppes, the other one alcohol
  • another further split: half of the group thinking they would get alcohol, actually got sweppes. other half got alcohol
  • outcome: increased aggressive behavior in the group thinking they got alcohol but got tonic water. also more aggressiveness in those expecting alcohol and getting alcohol
34
Q

alcohol and sex (psy effects)

A
  • expectancies may increase sexual arousal
  • placebos can increase sexual arousal
  • BAC’s over 0.1%: physiological responses are reduced or eliminated
  • perception that intoxicated women as sexually receptive and less able to defend themselves
35
Q

complex effects of alcohol

A
  • psychopharmacological triad: drug, user, environment
  • complex
  • drug expectations and beliefs
36
Q

acute physiological effect (physio effects)

A
  • diuretic: dehydration (inhibit ADH: hormon to conserve water)
  • increases body fat: liver to busy breaking down alcohol, other nutrients get stored as fat
  • stimulates appetite at low doses: increase in acids lead to stimulation of metabolism
  • releases stress hormones: long term drinking, increase blood pressure, high glucose, may lead to diabetes
  • suppressed REM sleep: alcohol messes with sleep cycle
  • blackouts: anterograde amnesia (serious heavy drinking)
  • hangover: head ache, nausea, dizzy, vomit, dehydration
  • dose dependent respiratory depression: interaction with other depressants
37
Q

hangovers

A
  • acetadehyde: very toxic, but broken down fast by liver enzymes
  • built up of acetadehyde
  • disrupted sleep
  • “mini” withdrawal symptoms
  • loss of salt
  • no cure: only time
  • as getting older: more body fat, lower enzyme activity, lower tolerance since drinking less, brain damage (heavy drinking)
38
Q

heavy drinking

A
  • brain: poor decision making (affects frontal lobe), memory and cognitive functioning (acute effects), memory, learning and problem solving (long-term effects)
  • Wernicke-Kosakoff Syndrome
  • liver: cirrhosis
  • cardiovascular: increased heart rate
  • reproductive: development of breast tissue in males, gynaecomastia (reduced performance in M and F)
  • fetal alcohol syndrome: drinking during pregnancy, leading cause to mental retardation
  • anemia: lack of vit B12
  • vasodilator: opening of blood vessels: red faces, noses
39
Q

Wernicke-Kosakoff Syndrome

A
  • alcohol induced dementia due to lack of vit B1 that has decreased because of heavy drinling
  • damage in wernicke can be reversed
  • damage in kosakoff cannot be reversed
40
Q

heavy drinking limit females

A

11 drinks / week

41
Q

heavy drinking limit males

A

14 drinks / week

42
Q

impacts on liver

A
  1. fatty liver: reversible
  2. hepatitis: inflammation of the liver: reversible
  3. cirrhosis: tissue replaced by scar tissue, very severe point reached: irreversible
    - amonia: damage to the brain, eventually deadly
43
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome: diagnostic triad

A
  • small eyes
  • mouth philtrum
  • thin upper lip
44
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A
  • more than 4 drinks a day
  • probably alcohol in combination with other drugs
  • small heads, below avrg. weight, short attention span, developmental delays
  • 3 in 1000 cases
45
Q

positive effects of drinking

A
  • moderate drinking (1-2 drinks a day): associated with lower risk of heart disease: red wine, high in flavonoids (lower cholesterol)
  • beneficial in women at much lower levels of alcohol: 1 drink/week
  • social benefits
46
Q

tolerance

A
  • acute and protracted
  • BAC levels do not indicate tolerance
  • cross-tolerance with other CNS depressants: anaesthetics (structurally similar)
47
Q

types of tolerance

A
  1. dispositional tolerance: increase of enzyme levels (enzymes increase at the beginning of tolerance, but over time actually decrease)
  2. cell-adaptation homeostasis: down regulation of receptors
  3. behavioral tolerance: learned behavior (“functioning alcoholics)
48
Q

withdrawal symptoms

A
  • three phases
    1. a few hours after drinking stops: shakes, sweats, headache, weakness, nausea
    2. within 24 hours: seizures (this phase may be skipped)
    3. 30 hours to 4 days: agitation, disorientation, tachycardia (high heart rate), hallucinations, delusions
  • can result in death
  • treatment with benzodiazepines
49
Q

development of abuse and dependence

A
  • alcoholism
  • biological approaches: genetic factors
  • psychological approaches: personality factors
  • sociological approaches: cultural factors
  • biopsychological approach

Psychopharmacology (7 decks)

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