Hallmarks of cancer Flashcards
1
Q
Whats is the six hallmarks of cancer
A
- Evading apoptosis
- Self-sufficiency in growth signaling
- Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
- Tissue invasion
- Limitless replicative potential /immortal
- Sustained angiogenesis
2
Q
Which are the 4 revised Hallmarks of cancer
A
- Deregulating cellular energetics, switching metabolism to more glycolytic
- Avoiding immune destruction
- Enabling genome instability and mutation
- Tumor-promoting inflammation
3
Q
How is GF-independence achieved
A
- Producing GF and ligands
- Stimulating neighbor cells to secrete GF
- Increase nr and sensitivity of GF receptors
- Structurally alter GF receptors so they remain active
- Keep activation down-stream
4
Q
How do cancer cells avoid growth suppression
A
By avoiding/suppressing gate keepers such as Rb, p53 and contact inhibition (down regulation of E-cadherin)
5
Q
How do cancer cells resist apoptosis
A
Keep Oncogenes active, KO of p53 that control DNA damage and cell death. Evading intrinsic and extrinsic program
6
Q
How do cancers cells become immortal
A
Upregulation of Telomerase gene in cancer cells
7
Q
What stimulate the angiogenic switch
A
- VEGF
- Ras
- Myc
- Macrophages that migrated to the spot, polarize and start to produce pro-angiogenic factors
8
Q
How does Taxol and Rita work
A
Taxol = binds to microtubuli (mitotic spindle) and unable the chr to detach during the mitts, thereby killing cells which replicate RITA = Prevents p53/MDM-2 interaction, thereby stabilizing p53 and reactivating it
