Halitosis

Question 1

name 2 groups of halitosis

Answer 1

genuine and psychogenic

Question 2

name 3 types of genuine halitosis
what conditions can I/O pathological be associated with?
what can E/O affect?

Answer 2

physiological - transient, typically resolves eating or OH
intraoral pathological - often associated w/ sepsis, gingivitis, perio, NG
extraoral pathological - malodour affecting both oral and nasal exhaled breath

Question 3

what is the primary cause of I/O halitosis?
when do these compounds smell/not smell?

Answer 3

volatile sulphur compounds - produced by oral bacteria

if volatile sulphur compounds dissolve in saliva completely = no smell

Question 4

list some E/O causes of pathological halitosis

Answer 4

nasal & pharyngeal infections
respiratory infections
gastrointestinal infections
metabolic conditions

Question 5

name 2 types of psychogenic halitosis

Answer 5

Pseudohalitosis - no evidence of halitosis but pt thinks they have it

Halitophobia - pts persists in believing they have halitosis despite firm evidence they do not, exaggerated fear of halitosis, signs of OCD or hypochondria

Question 6

give 2 methods for assessing halitosis

Answer 6

Organoleptic assessment - pt exhales out of mouth or nose for 1 min 10 cm away fro dentist

Halimeter - sulphide monitor or gas chromatography

Question 7

what is the difference between the halimeter and gas chromatography? which is the gold standard?

Answer 7

halimeter cannot differentiate different types of VSCs but gas chromatography can

gas chromatography is gold standard