HAI & FUO Flashcards
What re the factors that increase susceptibility?
Host factors
Recent invasive procedures
Presence of catheters or other devices
Prolonged antibiotic use
What is the most common route of HAI?
Hands (direct contact or by importing or transmitting bacteria)
What are the common causes of HAI in children/
Rotavirus & Respiraotry viruses
Staphylococcus spp
Gram (-) bacilli
When should sstandard precaution be used/
Whenever there is direct contact with patients
What are the standard precaustions in dressings?
Aseptic technique every7 days (transparent dressings)
Every 3 days (gauze dressings)
What type of antimicrobial resistance has no susceptibility to all agents in all antimicrobial categories?
Pandrug-resistant
What type of antimcirobial drug resistance has no susceptibility to atleast 1 agent in all but 2 or fewer antimicrobial categories?
Extensively-drug resistant
What are impoortant vaccines needed to be given in order to be employed?
TDAP
Hepa B
Influenza
Varicella
MMR
What is the chracteristic of fever of unknown origin?
Fever (>38C) for more than 1 week or >8 days
For which could not be identified after 3 wks of evaluation as an outpatient or after 1 week of evaluation in the hospital
What re the top causes of FUO in children?
Infectiou diseases
Connective tissue diseases
Malignancy
What are the common causes of FUO in developed countries?
Bartonella
Tuberculosis
Osteomyelitis
What are the common causes of FUO in developing coutnries?
Brucellosis
Typhoid fever
Tuberculosis
Rickettsial infections
Abscesses
What is the hallmark of latent TB infection?
(+) Tuberculin skin test
Fwhat are the clinical criteria for presumptive tuberculosis in <15 yrs old?
Atleast 3 of the ff:
- coughing/wheezing of >2 wks or more
- unexplained fever of >2 wks or more
- weight loss/failure to gain wt/weight faltering/loss of appetite
- failure to respond to 2 wks of appropriate antibiotic therapy for lower RTI
- failure to regain prev state of health 2 wks after a viral infction or exanthema
- fatigue, reduced playfulness or lethargy
What are the criteria to presume a child has active TB?
Exposure to an adult/adolescent witha ctiev TB
(+) TST/immunologic based test
Positive signs & symptoms
Abnormal chest radiograph
+ lab tests
Can TB meningitis also present in px with FUO?
Yes
What are the unique features of TB in children?
- TB in children does not present with a localized type of disease compared to adults
- protean manifestatoins (fever, cough, weight loss, weakness, etc)
- greater risk of dissemination
- Paucibacillary character
What are the signs & symptoms of Enteric/Typhoid Fever or Salmonellosis
ROSE SPOTS (trunk & abdominal area; rare)
Headache, arthritis
Abdominal pain, relative bradycardia
Hepatosplenomegaly
Leukopenia
What are the specimens used to test for Salmonellosis?
1st wk = blood
>1st wk = stool and urine
What is the characteristic appearance of Cat-scratch disease?
Chronic regional lymphadenitis
Caused by bartonella henselae
What are the most common causes of viral infection in children?
CMV EBV
What are the diff conditions caused by CMV?
Encephalitis
Retinitis
Pneumonia
Gastroenteritis
What are the characteristic signs of EBV/IM?
Photophobia
Tonsils reddening, swelling, white patches
Soreness, reddening
What are autoimmune/inflammaotry diseases seen in children?
Kawasaki disease
Rheumatic fever
Inflammatory bowel disease
SLE
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
What are the characteristic manifestations of Kawasaki disease?
CRASH & Burn
Conjunctivitis
Rash: morbilliform (macular/papular)
Adenopathy: >1.5cm, unilateral
Strawberry tongue
Hands & Feet: edema or erythema
Burn = fever of 5 days or more duration
What are important dx info in hx of Viral disease?
Parents are exposed to certain chemicals at work
Px 2-5 yrs old
Pets carrier
Take note of fever periodicity`
