Haemotology

Question 1

Erythrocytes have an average lifespan of ___ days

Answer 1

Erythrocytes have an average lifespan of 120 days

Question 2

___ stimulates erythropoiesis in hypoxia - 90% from ___ __, 10% from ___

Answer 2

EPO stimulates erythropoiesis in hypoxia - 90% from renal cortex, 10% from liver

Question 3

____(nucleated precursors) develop into ____ (measure of production)

Answer 3

• normoblasts (nucleated precursors) develop into reticulocytes (measure of production)

Question 4

_______ - inward diffusion of CO2 converted to carbonic acid. _____ then diffuses out; remaining H+ is buffered intracellularly

Answer 4

carbonic anhydrase - inward diffusion of CO2 converted to carbonic acid. bicarbonate then diffuses out; remaining H+ is buffered intracellularly

Question 5

How much iron is absorbed into the bloodstream each day?

Answer 5

1mg
70% => haem
25% => stores

Question 6

_____ (protein + iron) is water-soluble; _____ (fragmented ferritin) is insoluble

Answer 6

ferritin (protein + iron) is water-soluble; haemosiderin (fragmented ferritin) is insoluble

Question 7

Adult haemoglobin is comprised of

Answer 7

two alpha and two beta chains, each chain has an iron molecule that binds O2

Question 8

When Haemoglobin degrades it releases___,___,__ &____

Answer 8

When Haemoglobin degrades it releases LDH, amino acids, iron & unconjugated bilirubin

Question 9

Most common Anaemia ?

Answer 9

Iron deficiency anaemia

Question 10

The four main causes of Iron deficient anaemia are decreased: ____,___ or increased___ &_____

Answer 10

The four main causes of Iron deficient anaemia are decreased intake, absorption or increased: demand, loss

Question 11

Intake related iron deficiency anaemia occurs in___ due to ___ and____ because diets consist of harder to absorb____ iron

Answer 11

Intake related iron deficiency anaemia occurs in Infants due to less iron in breast milk and vegetarians because diets consist of harder to absorb Non-Heme iron

Question 12

Absorption related iron deficiency anaemia occurs due to a decrease in ____. this can occur after a ___. Or in ____or____ disease. This is due to inflammation and destruction of ____.

Answer 12

Absorption related iron deficiency anaemia occurs due to a decrease in Stomach Acid. this can occur after a Gastrectomy. Or in Inflammatory or Celiac disease. This is due to inflammation and destruction of Duodenal Cells.

Question 13

Increased Demand iron deficiency anaemia occurs in ____&____ due to the bodies rapid____ and need for more___ ___. Similar happens in _____ as there is increased _____ for ___ development

Answer 13

Increased Demand iron deficiency anaemia occurs in Children & Adolescents due to the bodies rapid Growth and need for more Blood Volume. Similar happens in Pregnancy as there is increased Iron Requirement for Fetal development

Question 14

Iron deficiency anaemia can be the 1st symptom in the elderly men with ____ ____.

Answer 14

Iron deficiency anaemia can be the 1st symptom in the elderly men with Colon Cancer.

Question 15

Iron deficiency anaemia can be caused by _____ _____. Along with causing gastric ulcers & GI bleeds, the organism takes up ____ before it reaches the duodenum

Answer 15

Iron deficiency anaemia can be caused by Helicobacter Pylori. Along with causing gastric ulcers & GI bleeds, the organism takes up Iron before it reaches the duodenum

Question 16

What does a high MCV without anaemia point to?

Answer 16

Myeloma - will have paraproteins/ Bence Jones protein/ M-band
or hyperglycaemia

Question 17

_____ __ or ____ are causes of megaloblastic anaemia

Answer 17

Vitamin b-12 or folate are causes of megaloblastic anaemia

Question 18

What will the degradation of megaloblast lead to?

Answer 18

Increase in unconjugated bilirubin and jaundice

Question 19

Non-megaloblastic Macrocytic anaemia is caused by _____&____

Answer 19

Non-megaloblastic Macrocytic anaemia is caused by Alcohol induced liver disease & hypothyroidism

Question 20

_______ (cobalamin) - found only in animal sources but fortified in foods e.g. cereals, combines with gastric ______ to be absorbed in terminal ileum

Answer 20

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) - found only in animal sources but fortified in foods e.g. cereals, combines with gastric Intrinsic Factor to be absorbed in terminal ileum

Question 21

Vitamin B12 deficienct is caused by?(5)

Answer 21

Pernicious anaemia ( loss of intrisinc factor)
IBD
GI surgery
H.pylori
Poor Diet

Question 22

____ ____ ___ ___ is a complication of severe B12 deficiency?

Answer 22

Subacute spinal cord degeneration is a complication of severe B12 deficiency