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Haematology > Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

The formation of blood cells

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2
Q

What is the process through which platelets are made?

A

Thrombopoiesis

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3
Q

What is the process through which granulocytes and monocytes are made?

A

Granulopoiesis or myelopoiesis

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4
Q

What is the process through which lymphocytes are made?

A

Lymphopoiesis

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5
Q

What is the red cell lifespan?

A

120 days

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6
Q

What is the neutrophil lifespan?

A

7-8hrs

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7
Q

What is the platelet lifespan?

A

7-10 days

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8
Q

What does ‘blast’ mean?

A

Primitive nucleated precursor

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9
Q

What is a megakaryocyte?

A

Platelet precursor, polypoid

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10
Q

What is a myelocyte?

A

Nucleated precursor between neutrophils and blasts

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11
Q

What are all haemopoietic cells derived from?

A

Haemopoietic stem cells

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12
Q

What are haemopoietic stem cells derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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13
Q

When are circulating committed progenitors detectable from?

A

Early as week 5

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14
Q

When does the yolk sac, the first site of erythroid activity, stop producing cells by?

A

Week 10

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15
Q

When does the liver, spleen and bone marrow begin haemopoiesis?

A

Week 6,12 (spleen has small contribution in humans) and 16 respectively

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16
Q

What are the compartments of bone marrow?

A

Cellular- haemopoietic/non-haemopoietic cells
Vascular elements
Connective tissue matrix

17
Q

What minute projections of bone are found throughout the metaphysis such that many cells in this region are close to the bone surface?

A

Trabeculae

18
Q

What is the interface of bone and bone marrow known as?

A

Endosteum

19
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Specialised venules that form a reticular network of fenestrated (with apertures) vessels

20
Q

What do arteries feed into bone?

A

Sinusoids

21
Q

What can formed blood cells pass through in endothelial cells to enter circulation?

A

Fenestrations

22
Q

Where do neutrophils actively migrate towards?

A

Sinusoid

23
Q

What long branching processes do megakaryocytes extend into the sinusoidal blood vessels?

A

Proplatelets

24
Q

What marrow is haemopoietically active and fatty inactive?

A

Red and yellow respectively (increased yellow with age)

25
Q

How is marrow cellularity calculated?

A

100-age=cellularity (%)

26
Q

What is the myeloid:erythroid ratio?

A

Relationship of neutrophils and precursors to proportion of nucleated red cell precursors (ranges from 1.5:1 to 3.3:1)– can change (eg reversal in haemolysis as a compensatory response)

27
Q

What regulates haemopoiesis?

A

Complex interplay of ‘random’ intrinsic properties of cells (particularly stem cells) and signals from immediate surroundings and the periphery (microenvironmental factors)
Activation of lineage-specific transcription factors

28
Q

What is neutrophil maturation regulated by?

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

29
Q

What does thrombopoietin regulate growth and development of?

A

Megakaryocytes from their precursors

30
Q

What does erythroid maturation occur around in the form of islands?

A

Nurse macrophages

31
Q

What are the clinical implications of the haemopoietic niche for the haemopoietic stem cell (HSC)?

A

Niche can shift in states of marrow stress

Drug therapy can be used to mobilise HSC from niche for collection and transportation

32
Q

How do we assess haemopoiesis?

A

Routine- blood count, cell indices, morphology

Less common- bone marrow examination

33
Q

What is the study of antigen expression using specific antibodies?

A

Immunophenotyping

34
Q

What are specialist tests for haemopoiesis on rare populations of cells/morphologically indistinguishable cells?

A

Immunophenotyping
Cytochemistry
Clonogenic assays
Animal models

35
Q

What does immunophenotyping sense on the antibody-antigen complex?

A

Fluorochrome

Haematology (23 decks)

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