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Year 3 - Haematology > Haemopoeisis > Flashcards

Haemopoeisis Flashcards

1
Q

Which anatomical site is most appropriate for a bone marrow biopsy?

A

Posterior iliac crest

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2
Q

What technique reliably identifies the cell type (lineage)?

A

Immunophenotyping - an analysis of antigen expression unique to a cell lineage and used to identify the lineage

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3
Q

A blood film from a neonate with a normal blood count contains the occassional erythroid and myeloid precursor. What is the cause of this?

A

Normal for age - occasional precursor in a neonate, particularly pre-term is normal and reflects shifting sites of haemopoeisis in the body whilst in utero

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4
Q

What do red cells do?

A

O2 / CO2 transport

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5
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Primary haemostasis

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6
Q

What granulocytes are there?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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7
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Phagocytosis / acute inflammation

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8
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Destroy parasites
Modulate hypersensitivity reactions

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9
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Modulate hypersensitivity reactions

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10
Q

What do monocytes become?

A

Macrophages

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11
Q

What do monocytes and macrophages do?

A

Modulate immune reactions
phagocytic clearance
Regulatory functions

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12
Q

What lymphocytes are there?

A

B cells
T cells
Natural killer (NK) cells

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13
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Humoral immunity (antibodies)

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14
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Cell mediated immunity - regulatory functions

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15
Q

What do natural killer (NK) cells do?

A

Antiviral / tumour

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16
Q

What is the life span of red cells?

A

120 days

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17
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophils?

A

7-8 hours

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18
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

7-10 days

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19
Q

What are the precursors do platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes

Polyploid platelet precursor

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20
Q

What are the precursor to red cells?

A

Reticulocytes

Gives polychromasia

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21
Q

What precursor do neutrophils and blasts are there?

A

Myelocytes - nucleated precursor between neutrophils and blasts

22
Q

What are blasts?

A

Nucleated precursor cells

e.g. Erythroblast
Myeloblast

23
Q

Where do precursor cells come from?

A

Progenitor cells (precursors of precursors)

24
Q

What are the two divisions of haemopoeitic stem cells?

A

Myeloid
Lymphoid

25
Q

What cells do lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to?

A

B cells -> plasma cells
T cells
NK cells

26
Q

What do myeloid progenitor cells give rise to?

A

Platelets
Neutrophils
Erythrocytes

27
Q

Describe the cells that myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to

A
28
Q

What are the developmental evens in haemopoeisis?

A

Self-renewal
Proliferation
Differentiation
Maturation
Apoptosis

29
Q

What is self renewal and proliferation?

A

Self-renewal: property of stem cells, lost in descendants
Proliferation: increase in numbers

30
Q

What is differentiation and maturation?

A

Differentiation - descendents commit to one or more lineages
Maturation - descendants acquire functional properties and may stop proliferating

31
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Descendents undergo cell death

32
Q

Haemopoeitic stem cells originate from what germinal cell layer?

A

Mesoderm

33
Q

Circulating committed progenitors are detectable by what week?

A

Week 5

34
Q

What is the first site of erythroid activity and when does it stop by?

A

Yolk sac

Stops by week 10

35
Q

When does liver start haemopoeisis?

A

Week 6

36
Q

When does bone marrow start haemopoeisis?

A

By week 16

37
Q

In adults, haemopoeisis is restricted to what parts of the body?

A

To the marrow within axial skeleton, pelvis and proximal long bones

38
Q

What are components of bone?

A

Cellular
- Haemopoeitic cells
- Non-haemopoeitic cells (e.g. adipocytes, fibroblasts, osteoclasts, osteoblasts)
Connective tissue matrix
Vascular elements

39
Q

What are venous sinuses of bone marrow?

A

Nutriient artery and periosteal network
Arterioles drain into “sinuses” - wide venous vessels, which open into larger central sinuses
In contrast to capillaries, “sinuses” are larger and have a discontinuous basement membrane

40
Q

What are bone marrow sinusoids?

A
41
Q

How do mature cells get released from marrow?

A

Formed blood cells can pass through fenestrations in endothelial cells to enter circulation
Release of red cells is associated with sinusoidal dilation and increased blood flow
Neutrophils actively migrate towards sinusoid
Megakaryocytes extend long branching processes called pro platelets into the sinusoidal blood vessels

42
Q

What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

A

Red - haemopoeitically active
Yellow - fatty inactive

Increase in yellow marrow as we age, results in reduction in marrow cellularity in older individuals

43
Q

What is the myeloid : erythroid ratio?

A

Relationship of neutrophils and precursors to proportion of nucleated red cell precursors (ranges from 1.5 : 1; 3.3:1) can change e.g. reversal in haemolysis as a compensatory response

44
Q

What regulates haemopoeisis?

A

Intrinsic properties of cells e.g. stem cells vs. progenitor cells vs. mature cells

Signals from immediate surroundings and periphery (microenvironmental factors)

Specific anatomical area (“niche”) for optimal developmental signals

45
Q

What regulates haemopoeisis?

A

Erythroid islands nurse macrophages
Neutrophil precursor maturation is regulated by G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor)
Thrombopoeitin regulaties growth and development of megakaryocytes from their precursors

46
Q

How do we assess haemopoeisis (non lymphoid mature cells)?

A

Routinely undertaken - blood count, cell indices, morphology
Less common - bone marrow examination

47
Q

How do we assess haemopoeisis (mature cells)?

A

For non-lymphoid cells, the blood count / morphological assessment is often sufficient

For lymphoid cells, the expression of antigens indicating lineage or stage of development required - immunophenotyping

Cytochemistry is rarely used

48
Q

How do we assess haemopoeitic progenitor / stem cells?

A

Morphologically indistinguishable cells

Rare population of cells
- Immunophenotyping
- Clonogenic assays
- Animal models

49
Q

What is immunophenotyping used for?

A

Identify patterns of protein (antigen) expression unique to a cell lineage

Use antibodies (in combination) specific to different antigens

50
Q

What markers are found on T lymphocytes and haemopoeitic stem cells?

A

CD3 - T lymphocyte
Haemopeitic stem cells - CD34

51
Q

What does flow cytometry do?

A

Year 3 - Haematology (35 decks)

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