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CV Unit > Haemodynamics > Flashcards

Haemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma without the clotting factors

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2
Q

How common are blood viscosity changes? Example?

A

Uncommon. Occurs in Leukemia

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3
Q

Why would you measure CRP?

A

C reactive protein is used to measure plasma viscosity as a marker of inflammation.

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4
Q

What is haemodynamics?

A

Factors that govern the movement of blood from one area of the CVS to to another.

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5
Q

Blood moves along?

A

A pressure gradient (high—>low)

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6
Q

Explain the features of laminar and turbulent flow

A

Laminar - smooth, maintains energy (Vmax - maximum velocity in the middle of the lumen as less resistance to the blood vessel walls)
Turbulent- multi-directional, loss of energy (found stenosed arteries/ areas of branching)

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7
Q

What is flow measured in?

A

Volume per unit time (e.g. ml/ min or l/hour)

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8
Q

What is pressure measured in?

A

Force per unit area (mmHG used when measuring BP)

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9
Q

Why is resistance in the aorta low?

A

Large diameter, relatively short

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10
Q

What vessels contribute the greatest component of total peripheral resistance?

A

Smallest arteries/ arterioles- as biggest jump in pressure across vessel class.

Arterioles are the seat of total peripheral resistance!

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11
Q

Why is the left ventricle thicker and more muscular than the right ventricle?

A

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body - needs higher pressure to do so - therefore it is thicker etc.

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12
Q

Difference between flow and velocity?

A

Flow -volumes per unit time
Velocity - speed at which fluid travels. Distance per unit time.

They are related - if want to increase flow can increase velocity (if the vessel remains the same diameter).

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13
Q

Why is lower velocity useful in capillaries?

A

Capillaries have the greatest cross sectional area and so the lowest velocity -useful for the diffusion of substances into/out of the blood.

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14
Q

How do you calculate Pulse pressure?

A

Peak systolic pressure - end diastolic pressure (SBP-DBP)

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15
Q

How do you calculate MAP (mean arterial pressure?)

A

MAP= DBP + (SBP - DBP)/3) or DBP + (PP/3)

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16
Q

Below what mean arterial pressure does organ perfusion become impaired?

A

70mmHG

17
Q

Define pulse pressure

A

The volume of blood ejected and the compliance of the the arterial system to govern pulse pressure.

18
Q

What is the feeling that we call a pulse?

A

Shock wave appearing just before the blood itself

19
Q

What impact will exercise have on pulse?

A

Increased stroke volume, with relative compliance of vessels= increase PP

20
Q

Name two environmental factors that decrease peripheral resistance

A

A hot bath and pregnancy

21
Q

In fit athletes what would systole/ diastole look like?

A

Diastolic decreases, systolic increases

22
Q

what is mean arterial pressure?

A

The average arterial pressure in the systemic system at any one time. MA= CO (cardiac output) x TPR (total peripheral resistance)

23
Q

What vessel factors determine resistance?

A

Only true one is diameter as blood vessel length and viscosity are pretty standard.

24
Q

Give one example of what pathological turbulence caused by and how we can detect it?

A

Caused by atheroma (degeneration of walls of arteries, build up of fat and scar tissue - leads to restriction of circulation. Detect: thrill is felt, bruit is heard.

25
Q

What do Korotkoff sounds indicate?

A

Change from laminar to turbulent flow, is heard and used to indicate blood pressure. Put a cuff around the patient’s arm (this stops flow and when it starts again - creates turbulent flow. First ‘tap’ = systolic, deflate cuff, when silent = diastolic pressure.

26
Q

Clinical tips for attaining accurate BP?

A
  • right sized cuff (too small= overestimate, too big- underestimate.
  • measure both arms and take highest
  • repeat and take mean
  • take at rest with both feet on ground
27
Q

Impact of gravity on BP?

A

Blood below heart = higher BP,above level of heart = lower so we have a maintained pressure gradient.

28
Q

What is postural hypotension?

A

BP drops abnormally when standing from lying down/ sitting. Pooling of blood occurs in the venous system upon standing, less blood to heart so stroke volume and cardiac output lower. Leads to dizziness and transient arterial hypotension. (Sympathetic innervation to heart is the normal way to counteract this).

29
Q

What is mmHG?

A

Millimetres of mercury

30
Q

What is a normal BP in adults

A

Less than 120/80 (120mm HG systolic, 80mm HG diastolic)

31
Q

What is a normal BP in adults

A

Less than 120/80 (120mm HG systolic, 80mm HG diastolic)

CV Unit (5 decks)

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