Haemodynamic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Define oedema, list its causes, list types based on location

A
  • An abnormal increase in the volume of interstitial fluid
  • Caused by raised hydrostatic pressure, reduced osmotic pressure, or disruption to capillary bed
  • May be localised or generalised
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2
Q

Summarise pulmonary oedema

A
  • Result of raised pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure due to pulmonary venous congestion
  • Caused by left ventricular failure
  • Consequences - Breathlessness and susceptibility to pneumonia.
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3
Q

Summarise cerebral oedema

A
  • Result of breakdown of normal capillary barrier.
  • Occurs in brain tissue around lesions
  • Consequences - Rise in intracranial pressure which can be fatal.
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4
Q

Summarise generalised oedema

A
  • Pathogenesis complex and multifactorial
  • Caused by left ventricular failure, hepatic failure, and nephrotic syndrome
  • Consequences - Pitting peripheral oedema, pleural effusions, and ascites.
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5
Q

Define thrombosis

A

An abnormal blood clot formation within the circulatory system

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6
Q

Cause of thrombosis

A

Abnormal activation of the haemostat system

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7
Q

List the types of thrombosis

A
  • Arterial
  • Venous
  • Cardiac
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8
Q

Consequences of thrombosis

A
  • Can completely resolve
  • Can undergo organisation and recanalisation
  • Can become significant by occluding a vessel or embolising.
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9
Q

Define embolus

A

A detached mass within the blood that moves through the circulatory system to a point distal from the origin

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10
Q

Cause of emboli

A

Fragmentation of dislodged thrombi (form thromboemboli)

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11
Q

Types of emboli

A

Arterial thromboemboli

Venous thromboemboli

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12
Q

Impact sites and consequences of arterial and venous thromboemboli

A
  • Cerebral arteries - Stroke
  • Mesenteric arteries - Small bowel infarction
  • Lower limbs - Acute lower limb ischaemia
  • Venous - travel via heart into pulmonary arteries - pulmonary embolism
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13
Q

Rare types of emboli

A

Fat
Septic
Amniotic fluid

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14
Q

Define infarction

A

Tissue necrosis due to ischaemia

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15
Q

Causes of infarction

A
  • Most caused by obstruction of artery, either by thrombosis or a thromboembolus e.g. acute MI and cerebral infarction (stroke)
  • Venous obstruction - tissue massively suffuse with blood.
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16
Q

Long-term consequences of infarction

A

Heal by pair

- Permanent loss of functional tissue

17
Q

Causes of haemorrhage

A

Traumatic rupture or intrinsic disease of the vessel.

18
Q

Possible consequences of haemorrhage

A
  • Major vessel rupture causes acute haemorrhage with risk of hypovolaemia, shock and death.
  • Small bleeds in vital sites can be fatal = brainstem haemorrhage.
  • Solid hematomas in cranial cavity raises intracranial pressure, increases risk of tonsillar herniation.
  • Chronic low grade haemorrhage may present with iron deficiency anaemia.
19
Q

Define shock

A

A generalised failure of tissue perfusion (decreased or absent flow of blood/fluid to organs)

20
Q

Causes of shock

A
  • Failure of pump mechanism - Acute MI, problems with peripheral circulatory system, hypovolaemia
  • Collapse of circulatory system can occur causing ischaemia - Most vulnerable organs are heart, brain, bowel, and lungs.