Cell Injury Flashcards
List the causes of cell injury
- Oxygen deprivation
- Chemical agents
- Infectious agents
- Immunological reactions
- Genetic defects
- Nutritional imbalances
- Physical agents
- Aging
List the components or mechanisms of cell injury
Cellular response to injury stimulus
Consequences of injury
Location
Explain cellular response to injury stimulus
Depends on
- Type of injury
- Duration of injury
- Severity of injury
Explain consequences of injury
Depends on
- Type of cell
- Status
- Adaptability
- Genetic makeup
List particularly vulnerable locations to be damaged by injury
- Protein synthesis
- Stability of genetic infrastructure
- Membrane integrity
- ATP manufacture
List changes associated with reversible injury
- Fatty change
- Cellular swelling
List changes associated with irreversible injury
- Coagulative necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis
- Caseous necrosis
- Fat necrosis
Define hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in an organ
Provide examples of different types of hyperplasia
Physiological hyperplasia - Proliferative endometrium
Pathological hyperplasia - Carcinoma
Define hypertrophy
An increase in the size of cells and consequently an increase in the size of the organ
Provide examples of different types of hypertrophy
Physiological - Athletes
Pathological - Hypertension
Define atrophy
A shrinkage in the size of the cell or organ by the loss of cell substance
Provide examples of atrophy
- Pernicious anaemia associated with gastric atrophy
- Dementia associated with brain atrophy
Define metaplasia
A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another.
Provide examples of different types of metaplasia
Physiological - Change in cervix during puberty
Pathological - Acid reflex through oesophagus (Barrett’s columnar-lined oesophagus)
Define dysplasia
Precancerous cells which show the genetic and cytological features or malignancy but not invading the underlying tissue
Provide an example of dysplasia
Barrett’s oesophagus
Define apoptosis
The death of cells which occurs as a controlled part of an organisms growth or development.
Summarise the key features of apoptosis
- Programmed cell death
- No inflammation
- First response to try and destroy malfunctioning cells
- Requires energy
Define necrosis
Uncontrolled cell death that can occur in response to infection, toxins, chemicals, injury, or lack of blood supply.
Summarise the key features of necrosis
- Not controlled due to cause, e.g. infection, ischaemia
- Associated with inflammation
- Result of failure to achieve apoptosis or repair cell damage
