Haemodynamic disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Define Oedema.

A

Abnormal increase in interstitial fluid

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2
Q

What three forces determine the movement of fluid between blood vessels and the interstitial space?

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Plasma hydrostatic pressure
Plasma oncotic pressure

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3
Q

What are the four broad causes of oedema?

A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Decreased plasma oncotic pressure (e.g. nephrotic syndrome) Inflammation Lymphatic Obstruction

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4
Q

What is a common cause of pulmonary oedema?

A

Increased plasma hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillary bed
Left Ventricular Failure – build up of pressure in left atrium leading to back pressure into the capillaries – this pushes water into the tissues
This is cardiogenic pulmonary oedema

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5
Q

What is non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema?

A

Caused by increased permeability
ARDS – Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Often caused by Sepsis, Shock and Trauma

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6
Q

What are the four types of cerebral oedema?

A

Vasogenic – physical breakdown of the blood-brain barrier – commonly due to trauma or tumours
Interstitial – breakdown of the CSF-brain barrier – commonly due to obstruction of the flow of CSF (Obstructive Hydrocephalus)
Cytotoxic – derangement of the sodium-potassium pumps leads to a build up of intracellular sodium causing intracellular oedema (common with ischaemic strokes)
Osmotic – increase in plasma osmolality – commonly caused by Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) that is commonly caused by small cell lung cancer

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7
Q

What are the possible serious consequences of cerebral oedema?

A

Rise in intracranial pressure, which could cause herniation

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8
Q

What are two common causes of generalised oedema?

A

Left Ventricular Failure Nephrotic Syndrome

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9
Q

What is a consequence of oedema in a peripheral setting?

A

Impaired wound healing

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10
Q

What are the three main factors affecting thrombus formation?

A

Hypercoagulability
Vessel Wall Injury
Stasis

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11
Q

What is cardiac thrombosis caused by and what is an important complication?

A

Stasis – e.g. atrial fibrillation

Complication – systemic embolisation

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12
Q

What is arterial thrombosis caused by?

A

Vessel wall injury

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13
Q

What is venous thrombosis caused by and what is an important complication?

A

Stasis and Hypercoagulability Complication – pulmonary embolism

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14
Q

What are the four fates of a thrombus?

A

Propagation– thrombus accumulates fibrin and grows
Embolisation– thrombus dislodges and moves somewhere else
Dissolution– thrombus is dissolved by fibrinolytics
Organisation and Recanalisation– thrombus becomes fibrotic and is remodelled, lumen appears again allowing blood flow

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15
Q

Where do most arterial thromboemboli originate?

A

Carotid arteries

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16
Q

Define haematoma

A

A localised mass of extravasated blood that is relatively or completely confined within an organ or tissue

17
Q

What are the three classes of haemorrhage based on size?

A
Petechiae = 1-2mm 
Purpura = >3mm 
Ecchymoses = 1-2cm
18
Q

What is shock characterised by?

A

Hypotension

19
Q

What two equations are used to evaluate the effects of changes in various vascular factors?

A
MAP = CO x SVR 
CO = HR x SV
20
Q

What are the five types of shock?

A
Cardiogenic 
Hypovolaemic 
Anaphylactic 
Neurogenic 
Septic
21
Q

Describe each of the five types of shock and its causes and effects

A

Cardiogenic -impaired cardiac function, Causes include cardiac tamponade, Reduced SV

Hypovolaemic– loss of blood volume,
Causes include: trauma, haemorrhage Low SV leads to Low MAP Body tries to compensate with tachycardia

Anaphylactic– IgE mediated hypersensitivity, Causes vasodilation and increased permeability, Reduced SVR leads to Reducer MAP

Neurogenic– injury to sympathetic pathways, Normally happens after traum,a Widespread vasodilation and reduced SVR
Septic– result of inflammatory response, Causes vasodilation. Reduced SVR leads to Reduced MAP

22
Q

Define infarction.

A

Tissue necrosis due to unresolved ischaemia

23
Q

What are the two types of infarct and how are they different?

A

Red – haemorrhagic – affects organs with a dual blood supply
White – anaemic – affects solid organs that have one blood supply

24
Q

How can the rates of development of the occlusion affect the infarction?

A

If the occlusion develops slowly then there may be enough time for collateral vessels to form

25
Q

What are the two types of myocardial infarction?

A

Transmural – across the whole wall of the heart

Subendocardial – just the layer under the endocardium

26
Q

Describe the process of atherosclerosis.

A

1) Endothelial damage
2) Macrophage infiltration and release of cytokines
3) Cytokines recruit LDLs
4) LDLs become oxidised and hence become pro-inflammatory and drive progression of plaque
5) Smooth muscle cells migrate from the tunica media to the lesion and deposit a collagen-rich matrix, which forms a protective fibrous cap

27
Q

What are the two types of atherosclerotic plaque and how are they different?

A

Stable – thick fibrous cap – less likely to rupture

Unstable – thinner fibrous cap – more likely to rupture