Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasm?

A

Abnormal mass of tissue growth

Growth continues after stimulus is removed

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2
Q

What do we call the cancer cells?

A

Parenchyma

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3
Q

What is stroma?

A

Tissue around the cancer cels that consists of connective tissue, blood vessels, macrophages

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4
Q

How to tell if a toy our is benign or malignant by name?

A

Benign tumours end in -Oma

Except sarcoma and carcinoma

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5
Q

Difference between malignant and benign tumours

A

Malignant = undifferentiated cells
Grow faster
Infiltrate basal Latina
Metastasise

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6
Q

4 ways of metastasis

A

Lymphatic
Haematogenous
Body cavity
Contiguous = touching

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7
Q

3 ways of inheriting cancer

A

Autosomal dominant = familial adenomatous polyposis
Defective DNA repair = Xeroderma pigmentosum
Familial cancer syndrome = unknown cause but runs in family e.e multiple endocrine neoplasia

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8
Q

Non hereditary cancers

A

Risk factor e.g. liver cirrhosis and HCC

Inflammation and cytokines can cause cancer

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9
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

Acquiring malignancy in over a period of time due to multiple mutation

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10
Q

Carcinogens

A

Chemicals= may need to be processed elder they are carcinogenic
Viruses e.g. HPV cervical cancer
Radiation UV

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11
Q

4 regulatory genes and examples of cancers caused by loss of regulation in each

A

Oncogene = burkitts lymphoma mYC
Tumour suppressor genes = BRCA 1/2
DNA repair genes = genomic instability syndrome
Apoptosis = bcl2 unregulated in lymphomas

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12
Q

Diagnosis and testing

A

Biopsy
Fine needle aspiration
Scans
PCR / FISH

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13
Q

Difference between grading and staging?

A

Grading = histological , based on differentiation
Staging = size, spread to lymph nodes, metastasis = for patient
STAGING IS MORE USEFUL!!

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