Haemodynamic Disorders Flashcards
What is shock?
(Define)
Shock is a haemodynamic disorder characterised by the inadequate systemic blood circulation (hypoperfusion) due to reduction either in the cardiac output/ineffective blood circulatory volume
Which are the two important causes of shock in humans?
Myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism
What are the 4 physiological types of shock?
Hypovolaemic shock/ cardiogenic shock/ septic or endotoxic shock/ neurogenic shock
What are some effects produced by the higher levels of infection by LPS?
DIC, endothelial cell injury, vasodilation, diminished myocardial contractility
In which organs the true infarcts are almost non existent?
Liver
Which bacterial infestation in liver causes infarction in cattle?
Clostridium haemolyticum
Infarction in lungs may be caused due to which two main reasons?
Pulmonary thrombi/ emboli in the branches of pulmonary artery
Pulmonary embolism is uncommon in animals because?
Thrombosis within the veins of the legs isn’t generally seen
Which parasite causes embolism in the pulmonary artery of dog?
Dirofilaria immitis
Ascarids in pigs, strongyles in horse and hookworms in?
DOGS
What is the name of the disease that occurs in humans exposed to sudden changes in the atmospheric presssure?
Caisson disease/ decompression sickness
In which of the 3 organs collateral blood circulation is not possible, hence the emboli are dangerous?
Heart, kidney and spleen
Which organ is the most susceptible for hypostatic congestion?
Lungs- because of its poorly supported blood cappilaries
Toxins of which 4 bacteria may injure the endothelium of blood vessels and cause haemorrhage?
Salmonella, clostridium, streptococcus, pasteurella
Haemorrhages are characteristic lesions of ————- of sheep caused by bacteria ————?
Enterotoxaemia and clostridium perfringens
Which plant poison can injure endothelial cells and cause haemorrhage?
Crotalaria
Haemorrhagic diatheis characterised by increased vascular fragility is caused due to the deficiency of which vitamin?
Vitamin C- SCURVY
All active hyperaemias are acute. ———- active hyperaemia does not exist?
Chronic
Which two systemic diseases are associated with active acute general hyperaemia?
Pasteurellosis and erysipelas
Give some examples of the acute local hyperaemia (physiological)?
Stomach following a meal, lactating mammary glans, genital tract during oestrous,blushing in humans
Which two organs are involved in general passive hyperaemia?
Heart/lung
How is pulmonary thrombosis and embolism a cause for the general acute passive hyperaemia?
Because then blood isn’t able to pass through the lungs to get oxygenated and hence accumulates in the venous side of the circulation
What are the permanent alterations that can occur due the chronic general passive hyperaemia?
Atrophy and fibrosis
—— organ is affected in the left sided heart failure and ——- organ is affected in the right sided heart failure?
LUNGS and LIVER
