Cell Injury And Cell Death Flashcards
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis
Necrosis is a more common type and occurs after loss of blood supply, toxins.
Apoptosis occurs when the cell dies through the activation of internally controlled suicidal programmes.
What does cyanide do?
And what does the phospholipase produced by the bacteria do?
Cyanide activates cytochrome oxidase in the mitochondrion
And phospholipase attacks cell membrane phospholipids of the cell
What is oxidative stress?
It the imbalance between the oxygen free radical generating systems and free radical inactivating systems
Which two enzymes are activated by the depletion of ATP during cell injury by hypoxia?
Phosphofructokinase and phosphorylase ( they result in increased rate of glycolysis to maintain ATP levels
Which stain is used to stain the cell for the availability of glycogen?
PAS ie periodic acid schiff’s stain
What are the two phenomenon that consistently characterise the irreversibility?
The loss of mitochondrial function even after the access to oxygen
The loss of cell membrane integrity and loss of function
Which three oxygen free radicals are produced during reduction of oxygen to water during the redox reactions?
Superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical
Rapid bursts of superoxide formation can occur in which cells during inflammation?
Neutrophils
Which enzyme can inactivate superoxide and how?
SOD is the enzyme and its can be both manganese superoxide dismutase found in mitochondrion and cu-zn superoxide dismutase found in cytosol
Which enzyme that is present in the cytosol will protect the cell from the free radical cell injury?
Glutathione peroxidase
What is the name of the reaction during which the hydroxyl radicals are produced in combination with the transition metals and hydrogen peroxide?
FENTON REACTION !!!!!
During the DNA fragmentation part of free radical damage which part of DNA is acted upon?
Thymine
Which reaction is catalysed by tyrosinase?
Where are melanocytes present?
Conversion to tyrosine to dihydroxy-phenylalanine
They are present in the basal layer of epidermis
What is DOPA reaction?
It is used to determine whether cells contain tyrosinase enzyme to produce melanin. In this reaction the biological preparation is flooded with dihydroxyphenylalanine which is converted by tyrosine into a pigment similar to melanin
Destruction of which gland causes hyperpigmentation of skin in human beings?
Adrenal gland
Acanthosis nigricans is ?
The increased amount of melanin within the skin and frequently seen in dogs
What is leukoderma?
It is the local loss of pigment especially in places of saddle/harness in horses
Where does the physiological destruction of old and worn out RBC takes place?
MPS of spleen, liver and bone marrow
What is the storage form of fe in cells?
Iron combines with apoferritin protein to form ferritin complex.
What is haemosiderin and where is it found the most?
What is the best example of localised haemosiderosis?
It is the aggregation of ferritin complexes and is seen the most in spleen of horse and least in dog.
BRUISE
In which disease there is the deposition of haemosiderin in kidneys resulting from the intravascular haemolysis?
Equine infectious anemia
