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Finals > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of microcytic anaemia? (5)

A 
Thalassaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease
Iron deficiency anaemia
Lead poisoning
Sideroblastic
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2
Q

What are the causes of normocytic anaemia? (5)

A 
Anaemia of chronic disease
Acute blood loss
Aplastic anaemia
Haemolytic anaemia 
Hypothyroidism
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3
Q

What are the causes of macrocytic anaemia? (6)

A

Megaloblastic - folate and B12 deficiency

Non-megaloblastic - alcohol excess, hypothyroidism, rectiuloctyes, azathioprine

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4
Q

What are some inherited causes of haemolytic anaemia? (5)

A 
Thalassaemia
Sickle cell
Spherocytosis
Elliptocytosis 
GPD6 deficiency
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5
Q

What are some acquired causes of haemolytic anaemia? (5)

A 
Autoimmune 
Alloimmune
Infection
Toxins
Prosthetic valve
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6
Q

What test would you do to test for autoimmune haemolysis?

A

Direct Antiglobulin Test

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7
Q

What are some causes of iron deficiency anaemia? (4)

A

Blood loss e.g. GI tract, menorrhagia
Dietary
Absorption e.g. coeliac disease
Excessive requirements eg. pregnancy

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8
Q

What will the following be in iron deficiency anaemia?

  1. Ferritin
  2. TIBC
  3. Transferrin saturation
A
  1. Low
  2. High
  3. Low (indication of stores, % iron attached to transferrin)
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9
Q

When starting iron tablets:

  1. When should you check FBC?
  2. How long will the person be on them for?
A
  1. 2-4 weeks after starting

2. 3 months after Hb corrected

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10
Q

Which medications can cause folate deficiency? (3)

A

Methotrexate
Sulfasalazine
Trimethoprim

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11
Q

What must you check before commencing treatment for folate deficiency?

A

B12 - treating folate before B12 deficiency can precipitate subacute degeneration of the cord

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12
Q

Which medical conditions can cause B12 deficiency? (2)

A

Coeliac

Crohn’s disease

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13
Q

What blood test is required to diagnose thalassaemia?

A

Hb electrophoresis

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14
Q

What is the management for major beta-thalassaemia? (2)

A

regular blood transusions and iron chelation

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15
Q

What are the 4 sickle cell crises?

A

Vaso-occlusive crisis
Aplastic anaemia (parvovirus B19)
Sequestration (sudden enlargement of spleen)
Acute chest syndrome

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16
Q

What can precipitate a sickle cell crisis? (4)

A

Infection
Dehydration
Cold
Exertion

17
Q

What blood test is required to diagnose sickle cell? What would you expect to find?

A

Hb electrophoresis

HbS

18
Q

Which medication can be used in sickle cell anaemia?

What is the general management of sickle cell anaemia? (4)

A

Hydroxycarbamide - stimulates HbF

Avoid triggers, vitamin supplements, vaccinations, antibiotic prophylaxis

19
Q

What are the different types of blood products available? (5)
What are they used for?

A

Red blood cells - Hb <70
Platelets - <10 or <30 if significant bleed
FFP - clinically significant bleed
Cryoprecipitate - fibrinogen <1.5 if significant bleeding
Prothrombin concentrate - reverse warfarin if severe bleeding

20
Q

Which clotting factors are in the:

  1. Intrinsic pathway?
  2. Extrinsic pathway?
A
  1. VII, IX, XI, XII (and others)

2. II, V, VII, X

21
Q

Which blood test measures:

  1. Intrinsic clotting pathway?
  2. Extrinsic clotting pathway?

Which pathway measures:

  1. Unfractionated heparin?
  2. Warfarin?

What special test can you use to test effects of LMWHs?

A
  1. APTT - measures effects of heparin
  2. PT - measures effects of warfarin

Anti-Xa assay

22
Q

Which medication should be avoided in Von Willebrand’s disease?

A

NSAIDs

23
Q

What are the management options for Von Willebrand’s disease? (3)

A

Tranexamic acid, desmopression, vWF concentrate

24
Q

In what form of haemophilia can desmopressin be used?

A

Haemophilia A

25
Q

What are some of the criteria in the Wells score for PE? (7)

A 
Signs or symptoms of DVT
Heart rate >100
Immobilisation for >3 days or surgery in past 4 weeks
Previous DVT or PE
Haemoptysis 
Cancer
Alternative diagnosis less likely
26
Q

What are some of the criteria in the Wells score for DVT? (9)

A

Active cancer
Paralysis or immobilisation of legs
Recently bedridden for >3 days or surgery in past 12 weeks
Localised tenderness along deep venous system
Entire leg is swollen
Calf swelling by >3cm compared to asymptomatic leg
Pitting oedema in symptomatic leg
Collateral superficial veins
Previously documented DVT

27
Q

What staging system is used in lymphoma?

A

Ann Arbor

28
Q

In which type of lymphoma will the lump become tender with alcohol?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

29
Q

What are some risk factors for Hodgkin’s lymphoma? (3)

A

EBV infection, HIV infection, immunosuppression

30
Q

Which type of lymphoma is associated with chronic malaria?

What special test is there to test for this lymphoma?

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

FISH analysis

31
Q

Which age groups are most likely to be affected by the following leukaemias?

  1. ALL
  2. CLL
  3. CML
  4. AML
A

<5 or >45
>55
>65
>75

32
Q

Which leukaemia is associated with?

  1. Philidelphia chromosome
  2. Richter’s transformtion
  3. Raised WCC
  4. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
A
  1. CML
  2. CLL
  3. CML
  4. CLL
33
Q

What features are part of myeloma? (4)

A

Calcium
Renal failure
Anaemia
Bone pain

34
Q

According to NICE, what blood tests should you order is someone >60 presents with persistent bone pain, especially back pain? (4)

A

FBC
Bone profile
ESR
Plasma viscosity

35
Q

What tests should you order if someone >60 presents with hypercalcaemia or leukopenia and signs of myeloma?

A

Serum electrophoresis and urinary Bence-Jones proteins

36
Q

What are some complications of haematalogical malignanacies? (4)

A

Low blood cells of any line e.g. neutropenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia

  • Bleeding secondary to thrombocytopenia
  • Neutropenic sepsis

Effusions e.g. pericardial, pleural

SVCO

MSCC

Finals (23 decks)

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