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HCS102 Human Physiology > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main components of blood?

A

Plasma
Buffy coat
Erythrocytes

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2
Q

Explain blood plasma

A

Plasma is made of 90% water
It has:
- ions
- plasma proteins
- nutrients
- wastes
- gases
- electrolytes
- hormones

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3
Q

What are the main plasma proteins?

A

Albumin (57%)
Globulin (38%)
Fibrinogen (4%)
Prothrombin (1%)

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4
Q

What are the main nutrients in plasma?

A

Glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamin

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5
Q

What makes the plasma proteins?

A

The liver

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6
Q

Mention the function of albumin

A

Carrier of molecules through circulation

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7
Q

Why is plasma given to patients?

A

Given to patients with clotting factor deficiencies to boot blood volume and prevent shock

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8
Q

Explain the buffy coat

A

It constitutes 1% of blood.
It is a thin whitish layer with leukocytes and platelets

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9
Q

What is the function of leukocytes? Where are they found?

A

Protect body from infections
Found in blood and lymph tissue

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10
Q

What are the non granulated leukocytes?

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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11
Q

Explain each non granulated leukoctye

A

Lymphocyte:
- in lymphatic system
- two subtypes: t cells and b cells

Monocyte:
- largest leukocyte
- circulate in blood and spleen
- can differentiate to macrophage
- migrate to bone marrow, spleen, liver, lymph nodes to develop to specialised cells

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12
Q

Explain the t cells

A

T cells are made in bone marrow but mature in thymus
Have various subtypes
- t cytotoxic / killer cell
- t helper
- t delayer
- t suppressor
- t cell attack virus

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13
Q

Explain the b cells

A

B cells are made and mature in bone marrow
Have two sub types:
- large plasma antibody-producing cell
- b memory cell

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14
Q

What are the granulated leukocytes?

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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15
Q

Explain each granulated leukocyte

A

Neutrophil:
- circulate for 6 -10 hours
- first to arrive
- mobile and active
- granules contain enzyme to kill, digest bacteria
Eosinophil:
- parasites and cancer
- irritants that cause allergies
- granules have powerful enzymes
- neutralise effects of inflammatory substances like histamine
Basophil:
- allergic reactions
- bind to irritant chemical to cell membrane
- release contents in granules (histamine, serotonin)
- dilate capillary blood vessels and increase permeability to allow blood components to pass through inflamed site

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16
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

They are platelets
Oval shaped
Release enzyme to make blood clot

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17
Q

What is the enzyme released to create blood clot?

A

Thrombin

18
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

Process of blood cell formation

19
Q

What is the common stem cell from which all blood cells come from?

A

Hemocytoblast or hematopoietic stem cell

20
Q

Explain how haematopoiesis occurs?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell differentiates into any of these two:
1. Myeloid progenitor cell or…
2. Lymphoid progenitor cell
Myeloid progenitor cells turns to:
- megakaryocyte -> platelets
- erythrocyte
- neutrophil
- monocyte -> dendritic cell or macrophage
- eosinophil
- basophil
Lymphoid progenitor cell turns to:
- t cell (lymphocyte)
- b cell (lymphocyte)
- nk cell
(all of these can turn to plasma cell)

21
Q

What accelerated platelet production?

A

Thrombopoietin

22
Q

What prompts red bone marrow to produce leukocytes?

A

Colony stimulating factor and interleukins

23
Q

What hormone controls erythrocyte production?

A

Erythropoietin

24
Q

What is the difference between old erythrocytes and new ones?

A

Old: can’t synthesize protein, grow or divide
New: can synthesize Hb (hemoglobin)

25
Q

What happens when enough Hb has been synthesized in erythrocyte?

A

Nucleus and organelles are ejected out and the cell collapses

26
Q

What organs produces erythropoietin?

A

The kidneys

27
Q

Explain the dynamic balance of erythropoietin production

A

Blood level of oxygen declines = kidneys step up release of hormone
Hormone prods bone marrow to turn out more RBC

28
Q

What is the bone marrow?

A

Soft tissue located in hollow bones

29
Q

What production processes happen in bone marrow?

A

Erythropoiesis
Leukopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis

30
Q

What is found in the membrane of erythrocytes?

A

Chemical markers called antigens that determine blood group

31
Q

What is found in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes?

A

Haemoglobin

32
Q

What is the function of Hb and what is O2 affinity?

A

Function: transport O2
O2 affinity is the affinity O2 has to bind with Hb

33
Q

What is the product of O2+Hb?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

34
Q

Which are the haematological indices?

A

HCT (hematocrit) or PCV (packed cell volume)
Mean cell volume MCV
Mean cell haemoglobin MCH
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration MCHC

35
Q

What are the healthy ranges for the haematological indices?

A

HCT/PCV:
males - 40-54%
females - 37-47%
MCV: 80-92 fl
MCHC: 30-36 g/100ml cell

36
Q

Explain what anaemia is

A

The pathology of erythrocytes.
Low numbers of RBC/low levels of Hb

37
Q

What are the three types of anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency
Pernicious anaemia
Sickle cell anaemia

38
Q

Explain iron deficiency

A

Common type
Means low level of Hb
Iron needed to make Hb, involved in transport of O2
RBS are pale/pink

39
Q

Explain pernicious anaemia

A

Rare type
Means vitamin B12 deficiency which is needed for RBC development
Thought be autoimmune disease
Cells are unequal in size (big and few)

40
Q

Explain sickle cell anaemia

A

Abnormality in Hb molecule
Affects individuals with homozygous for Hb
Develop life threatening ‘sickling’ crises with infections

HCS102 Human Physiology (8 decks)

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