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HCS102 Human Physiology > Cardiovascular physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Is the cardiovascular system an open system?

A

No, it is a closed system

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2
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

Blood vessels
Arteries, capillaries and veins

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3
Q

What are the three circulations?

A

Pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, coronary circulation

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4
Q

What does the pulmonary circulation consist of?

A

Right ventricle, pulmonary arterioles, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary venules and PULMONARY VEIN

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5
Q

How does the pulmonary circulation circulate?

A

Drains into left atrium -> two pulmonary veins are derived from each lung -> one vein from each lung enters superiorly and one inferiorly

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6
Q

When does the blood from pulmonary circulation pass to left ventricle?

A

During atrial contraction, this blood then passes to left ventricle -> ejected from the heart via the aorta during ventricular contraction

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7
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation’s pressure?

A

120mmHg

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8
Q

What does the systemic circulation consist of?

A

AORTA, major and minor arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, anastomoses, venules, small and large veins, and VENA CAVA

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9
Q

How does the systemic circulation circulate?

A

Drains into right atrium -> superior vena cava enters the right atrium superiorly at level of third costal cartilage -> inferior vena cava at level of fifth costal cartilage -> coronary sinus enters the atrioventricular orifice and opening of inferior vena cava

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10
Q

When does the systemic circulation receive blood?

A

Receives blood under pressure from left ventricle during ventricular contraction

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11
Q

What is the coronary circulation?

A

Supplies myocardium (heart tissue) with nutrient-rich blood in order to keep heart viable

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12
Q

What happens when there is damage to coronary circulation?

A

Disruption or damage may lead to pathologies of heart (angina and MI)

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13
Q

What is the aorta?

A

Receives blood from left ventricle coronary arteries leave aorta at aortic sinuses

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14
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium? Explain them

A

Fibrous: protect heart
Serous: deep to fibrous layers
Parietal: lines interior of fibrous layer

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15
Q

What is the serous layer of the pericardium?

A

Visceral pericardium/epicardium:
innermost layer of pericardium and outermost layer of heart wall

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16
Q

What is the parietal layer of the pericardium?

A

Attaches to large arteries leaving heart

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17
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled into ringlike arrangements

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18
Q

How are the cells of the myocardium link together?

A

By intercalated discs

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19
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Thin sheath of endothelium that lines heart chambers -> continuous with the linings of blood vessels leaving and entering heart

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20
Q

What is the superior and inferior vena cava?

A

Gives O2 poor blood from veins of the body

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21
Q

What is the right atrium?

A

Posses and auricle, increases volume of chamber -> receives O2 depleted and CO2 rich blood from systemic circulation

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22
Q

What is the left atrium?

A

Blood from pulmonary veins -> thicker walls and discharges blood through left AV into left ventricle -> O2 rich, CO2 poor blood from pulmonary circulation

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23
Q

What is the right pulmonary artery?

A

Pulmonary trunks splits carry blood to lungs where O2 is picked up and CO2 is unloaded

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24
Q

What is the aorta?

A

O2 rich blood returned to left atrium flows into left ventricle and pumped out into aorta -> systemic arteries branch to supply all body tissue

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25
What are the pulmonary veins?
O2 rich blood drains from lungs and returned to left side of heart
26
What does the left AV valve prevent?
Bicuspid valve prevents regurgitation of blood from left ventricle to left atrium
27
What does the right AV valve prevent?
Tricuspid valve prevents regurgitation of blood from right ventricle to right atrium
28
What is the right ventricle?
Receive O2 depleted and CO2 rich blood from right atrium and ejects it into pulmonary artery to deliver it into lungs to undergo gas exchange
29
How is the right ventricle sealed?
Sealed by the tricuspid valve and expels blood through pulmonary valve
30
What is the left ventricle?
Receives O2 rich and CO2 depleted blood from left atrium and ejects it into aorta to deliver it to peripheral circulation
31
How is the left ventricle sealed?
Sealed by mitral valve and contraction of left ventricle expels blood into aorta
32
What does the pulmonary semilunar valve prevent?
Prevents regurgitation of blood from aorta to left ventricle and pulmonary artery to right ventricle
33
What are the coronary arteries?
Supply heart muscle tissue with O2 rich blood and carry away CO2 from respiring cardiomyocytes
34
Where does the blood from coronary arteries flow to?
Into capillaries, then into coronary veins then empties into right atrium
35
What is the pulmonary circuit?
Carry blood to lungs for gas exchange (O2 enters blood and CO2 enters the lungs) and return it to heart
36
What is the systemic circuit?
Supplies oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to al body organs
37
Explain the cardiac circulation
Coronary arteries branch from base of aorta and encircle the heart in coronary sulcus (AV groove) When ventricles contract and fill when heart is relaxed, the myocardium is drained by several cardiac veins
38
Explain the conduction system
Depolarisation wave initiated by sinoatrial node passes through arterial myocardium to the atrioventricular node, the AV bundle and Purkinje fibers in ventricular walls
39
What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?
Atrial contraction, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, atrial filling, ventricular filling
40
How does the cardiac cycle begin?
Begins with atria and ventricles at rest -> atria depolarisation -> atrial contraction starts during P wave and P-R -> during P-R electrical signal is slowing down as it passes AV node -> ventricular contraction begins after Q wave and continues to T wave -> ventricles are repolarising during T wave -> during T-P the heart is electrically quiet
41
Explain the P, T, P-R, QRS and ST waves
P - depolarisation atria T - repolarisation ventricles P-R - time taken of atrial impulse QRS - depolarisation ventricles ST - end of depolarisation of ventricles
42
Explain the QT and R-R interval
QT - measure of ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation R-R - measurement of heart rate
43
What is systole and diastole?
Systole: contraction Diastole: relaxation
44
Explain atrial diastole (ventricular filling)
Heart relaxed, low pressure AV valves open Blood flowing passively through atria into ventricles Semilunar valves closed
45
Explain atrial systole
Ventricles in diastole Atria contracts Blood forced into ventricles
46
Explain isovolumetric contraction
Atrial systole ends Ventricular systole begin Rise in intraventricular pressure close to AV valves
47
Explain ventricular systole (ejection phase)
Ventricle contraction Intraventricular pressure to suppress the pressure in major arteries Semilunar valves open and blood to be ejected from ventricles Atrial diastole and filling with blood
48
Explain isovolumetric relaxation
Ventricular diastole begin, pressure in ventricles falls below major arteries Semilunar valves close Ventricles are closed and intraventricular pressure decrease
49
How does the cycle repeat?
When atrial pressure increases over intraventricular pressure, AV valves open
50
What is respiratory sinus arrythmia?
Heart rate variability due to intrathoracic pressure differences caused by ventilation which causes alterations in R-R interval
51
What is the formula of cardiac output?
CO (L/min) = SV(L) x HR (bpm) SV: stroke volume
52
What is the cardiac output in a healthy individual?
Healthy individuals: 4-7 L/min
53
What are the arteries?
Oxygen-rich blood which conducts blood away from heart Thickest walls and smooth muscle layer Experience highest pressure
54
What are the veins?
CO2-rich blood which conducts blood towards the heart
55
What is the endothelium of the blood vessels?
Thin layer of endothelium Cells fit closely together and form a slick surface that decreases friction Have valves that maintain unidirectional flow
56
What is the internal and external elastic lamina of the arteries?
Sheets of elastic tissue Scattered elastic fibers
57
What is the tunica media of the blood vessels?
Bulky middle layer made up of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
58
What is the tunica externa of the blood vessels?
Outermost tunic Composed of fibrous layer connective tissue and protects vessels
59
What are the capillaries?
Smallest vessels Walls are single layered fenestrated endothelial cells Attached to thin membrane permeable to water and other small molecules
60
What do capillaries form?
Form capillary beds and are site of exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid

HCS102 Human Physiology (8 decks)

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