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HCS102 Human Physiology > Cardiovascular physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Is the cardiovascular system an open system?

A

No, it is a closed system

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2
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

Blood vessels
Arteries, capillaries and veins

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3
Q

What are the three circulations?

A

Pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, coronary circulation

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4
Q

What does the pulmonary circulation consist of?

A

Right ventricle, pulmonary arterioles, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary venules and PULMONARY VEIN

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5
Q

How does the pulmonary circulation circulate?

A

Drains into left atrium -> two pulmonary veins are derived from each lung -> one vein from each lung enters superiorly and one inferiorly

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6
Q

When does the blood from pulmonary circulation pass to left ventricle?

A

During atrial contraction, this blood then passes to left ventricle -> ejected from the heart via the aorta during ventricular contraction

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7
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation’s pressure?

A

120mmHg

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8
Q

What does the systemic circulation consist of?

A

AORTA, major and minor arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, anastomoses, venules, small and large veins, and VENA CAVA

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9
Q

How does the systemic circulation circulate?

A

Drains into right atrium -> superior vena cava enters the right atrium superiorly at level of third costal cartilage -> inferior vena cava at level of fifth costal cartilage -> coronary sinus enters the atrioventricular orifice and opening of inferior vena cava

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10
Q

When does the systemic circulation receive blood?

A

Receives blood under pressure from left ventricle during ventricular contraction

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11
Q

What is the coronary circulation?

A

Supplies myocardium (heart tissue) with nutrient-rich blood in order to keep heart viable

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12
Q

What happens when there is damage to coronary circulation?

A

Disruption or damage may lead to pathologies of heart (angina and MI)

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13
Q

What is the aorta?

A

Receives blood from left ventricle coronary arteries leave aorta at aortic sinuses

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14
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium? Explain them

A

Fibrous: protect heart
Serous: deep to fibrous layers
Parietal: lines interior of fibrous layer

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15
Q

What is the serous layer of the pericardium?

A

Visceral pericardium/epicardium:
innermost layer of pericardium and outermost layer of heart wall

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16
Q

What is the parietal layer of the pericardium?

A

Attaches to large arteries leaving heart

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17
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled into ringlike arrangements

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18
Q

How are the cells of the myocardium link together?

A

By intercalated discs

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19
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Thin sheath of endothelium that lines heart chambers -> continuous with the linings of blood vessels leaving and entering heart

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20
Q

What is the superior and inferior vena cava?

A

Gives O2 poor blood from veins of the body

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21
Q

What is the right atrium?

A

Posses and auricle, increases volume of chamber -> receives O2 depleted and CO2 rich blood from systemic circulation

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22
Q

What is the left atrium?

A

Blood from pulmonary veins -> thicker walls and discharges blood through left AV into left ventricle -> O2 rich, CO2 poor blood from pulmonary circulation

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23
Q

What is the right pulmonary artery?

A

Pulmonary trunks splits carry blood to lungs where O2 is picked up and CO2 is unloaded

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24
Q

What is the aorta?

A

O2 rich blood returned to left atrium flows into left ventricle and pumped out into aorta -> systemic arteries branch to supply all body tissue

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25
Q

What are the pulmonary veins?

A

O2 rich blood drains from lungs and returned to left side of heart

26
Q

What does the left AV valve prevent?

A

Bicuspid valve prevents regurgitation of blood from left ventricle to left atrium

27
Q

What does the right AV valve prevent?

A

Tricuspid valve prevents regurgitation of blood from right ventricle to right atrium

28
Q

What is the right ventricle?

A

Receive O2 depleted and CO2 rich blood from right atrium and ejects it into pulmonary artery to deliver it into lungs to undergo gas exchange

29
Q

How is the right ventricle sealed?

A

Sealed by the tricuspid valve and expels blood through pulmonary valve

30
Q

What is the left ventricle?

A

Receives O2 rich and CO2 depleted blood from left atrium and ejects it into aorta to deliver it to peripheral circulation

31
Q

How is the left ventricle sealed?

A

Sealed by mitral valve and contraction of left ventricle expels blood into aorta

32
Q

What does the pulmonary semilunar valve prevent?

A

Prevents regurgitation of blood from aorta to left ventricle and pulmonary artery to right ventricle

33
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

Supply heart muscle tissue with O2 rich blood and carry away CO2 from respiring cardiomyocytes

34
Q

Where does the blood from coronary arteries flow to?

A

Into capillaries, then into coronary veins then empties into right atrium

35
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Carry blood to lungs for gas exchange (O2 enters blood and CO2 enters the lungs) and return it to heart

36
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Supplies oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to al body organs

37
Q

Explain the cardiac circulation

A

Coronary arteries branch from base of aorta and encircle the heart in coronary sulcus (AV groove)
When ventricles contract and fill when heart is relaxed, the myocardium is drained by several cardiac veins

38
Q

Explain the conduction system

A

Depolarisation wave initiated by sinoatrial node passes through arterial myocardium to the atrioventricular node, the AV bundle and Purkinje fibers in ventricular walls

39
Q

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial contraction, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, atrial filling, ventricular filling

40
Q

How does the cardiac cycle begin?

A

Begins with atria and ventricles at rest -> atria depolarisation -> atrial contraction starts during P wave and P-R -> during P-R electrical signal is slowing down as it passes AV node -> ventricular contraction begins after Q wave and continues to T wave -> ventricles are repolarising during T wave -> during T-P the heart is electrically quiet

41
Q

Explain the P, T, P-R, QRS and ST waves

A

P - depolarisation atria
T - repolarisation ventricles
P-R - time taken of atrial impulse
QRS - depolarisation ventricles
ST - end of depolarisation of ventricles

42
Q

Explain the QT and R-R interval

A

QT - measure of ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation
R-R - measurement of heart rate

43
Q

What is systole and diastole?

A

Systole: contraction
Diastole: relaxation

44
Q

Explain atrial diastole (ventricular filling)

A

Heart relaxed, low pressure
AV valves open
Blood flowing passively through atria into ventricles
Semilunar valves closed

45
Q

Explain atrial systole

A

Ventricles in diastole
Atria contracts
Blood forced into ventricles

46
Q

Explain isovolumetric contraction

A

Atrial systole ends
Ventricular systole begin
Rise in intraventricular pressure close to AV valves

47
Q

Explain ventricular systole (ejection phase)

A

Ventricle contraction
Intraventricular pressure to suppress the pressure in major arteries
Semilunar valves open and blood to be ejected from ventricles
Atrial diastole and filling with blood

48
Q

Explain isovolumetric relaxation

A

Ventricular diastole begin, pressure in ventricles falls below major arteries
Semilunar valves close
Ventricles are closed and intraventricular pressure decrease

49
Q

How does the cycle repeat?

A

When atrial pressure increases over intraventricular pressure, AV valves open

50
Q

What is respiratory sinus arrythmia?

A

Heart rate variability due to intrathoracic pressure differences caused by ventilation which causes alterations in R-R interval

51
Q

What is the formula of cardiac output?

A

CO (L/min) = SV(L) x HR (bpm)
SV: stroke volume

52
Q

What is the cardiac output in a healthy individual?

A

Healthy individuals: 4-7 L/min

53
Q

What are the arteries?

A

Oxygen-rich blood which conducts blood away from heart
Thickest walls and smooth muscle layer
Experience highest pressure

54
Q

What are the veins?

A

CO2-rich blood which conducts blood towards the heart

55
Q

What is the endothelium of the blood vessels?

A

Thin layer of endothelium
Cells fit closely together and form a slick surface that decreases friction
Have valves that maintain unidirectional flow

56
Q

What is the internal and external elastic lamina of the arteries?

A

Sheets of elastic tissue
Scattered elastic fibers

57
Q

What is the tunica media of the blood vessels?

A

Bulky middle layer made up of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

58
Q

What is the tunica externa of the blood vessels?

A

Outermost tunic
Composed of fibrous layer connective tissue and protects vessels

59
Q

What are the capillaries?

A

Smallest vessels
Walls are single layered fenestrated endothelial cells
Attached to thin membrane permeable to water and other small molecules

60
Q

What do capillaries form?

A

Form capillary beds and are site of exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid

HCS102 Human Physiology (8 decks)

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