Haematology Flashcards
3 main reasons of anaemia
- Haemorrhage
- Haemolysis
- Decreased production
evidence of regeneration in anaemia
- presence of retics
- MCHC = decreased/hypochromic
- MCV = increased/macrocytic
- morphology: polychromasia, macrocytosis
how may days for regenerative response to develop in anaemia
3-5 days
indications for blood transfusions in acute anaemia cases
PCV ~25% + patient unstable
OR PCV <20%
indications for blood transfusions in chronic anaemia cases
CS (mentation, weakness, tachycardia/pnoea) OR PCV <12% (consider if 15-20%)
How do cats and dogs differ when it comes to blood types?
Cats have preformed antibodies so will react on first transfusion
Dogs do not so very unlikely to react from first transfusion.
What blood types do cats have?
A, B or AB
What blood types to dogs have?
DEA 1 is most common
but many types ~12 w/ subtypes
What is considered the universal blood type in dogs?
DEA 1 negative
what is a major crossmatch?
donor RBC w/ patient serum
what is a minor crossmatch?
patient RBC w/ donor serum
Dog blood donor requirement
Healthy, >25kg, min/no sedation.
Jug vein –> 450ml in CPDA
No replacement fluids
Cat blood donor requirement
Healthy >5kg w/ sedation (diazepam + ket)
Jug - 54ml into 60ml syringe + 6ml anticoag solution
Give 100ml LRS after.
Rate of blood transfusion
start slow 1ml/kg/hr for 15min –> increase rate to give whole volume over 4hrs if no reactions
Blood transfusion dose volume
Weight x BV x (desired PCC - Current PCV)/donor PCV
rule of thumb: 1ml/kg pRBC will raise PCV by
1%
Rule of thumb: 2ml/kg fresh whole blood will raise PCV by
1%
6 arms of management of haemorrhage dt physical disruption of vessels
- Sx haemostasis
- Prssure
- Local vasoconstrictors
- Prevent self-trauma
- Mild sedation
- Systemic + topical antifibrinolytics
4 stages of primary haemostasis
- Subendothelial collagen exposure
- Platelet adhesion
- Platelet activation
- Aggregation
what clotting factors are activated in the intrinsic cascade?
12 –> 11 –> 9 –> 8 –> 10
what clotting factors are activated in the extrinsic cascade?
3 –> 7 –> 10
list 3 endogenous anticoagulants
- tissue factor pathway inhibitor
- antithrombin
- protein C
what are the 3 types of von Willebrand disease?
- Low conc. of all multimers - Doberman, Himalayan cat
- Lack of large multimers - German shorthair pointer
- Complete lack of all multimers. - DSH cats
diagnosis of vWF disease?
- ensure platelet count is normal first
- platelet function tests - PFA, BMBT
- vWF assays
what products can be used to treat vWF disease?
- Fresh whole blood
- Fresh frozen plasma
- Cryoprecipitate
Desmopressin for type 1 only
Tx of rodenticide toxicity ingest w/in last 24hs
Vit K1 or PT in 36-48hrs
Tx of rodenticide toxicity ingest w/in last 1-2hrs
emesis + activated charcoal
- Vit K1 or PT in 36-48hrs
Tx of rodenticide toxicity actively bleeding
- BV expansion
- O2 sup
- FFP/FWB/FP/Cryopoor and VitK
- monitoring for min. of 12hrs
MOA of rodenticides
inhibits Vit.K epoxide reductase used to recycle Vit.K –> no CS until coag. factors depleted (2-3days)
which clotting factor has the shortest half life?
Factor VII
Haemophilia A is a deficiency in?
FVIII (8)
Haemophilia B is a deficiency in?
FIX (9)
Factor VII deficiency is common in what breed of dog?
Beagles
Hageman deficiency is a deficiency in what?
FactorXII (12)
Rank the factor deficiencies from the highest to lowest risk of bleeding
- Haemophilia A (8)
- Haemophilia B (9)
- Factor VII deficit
- Hageman Deficiency - no risk of bleeding
Cryoprecipitate contains
VIII, vWF, Fibrinogen
Cryopoor contains
all other clotting factors (not VIII, vWF, Fibrinogen)
Frozen plasma can be kept for how long and contains what?
1-5years, vit.k Factors
Dose for FFP infusion?
10-20ml/kg
FFP can be kept for how long?
1 year
