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ECC/Critical Care > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

3 main reasons of anaemia

A
  1. Haemorrhage
  2. Haemolysis
  3. Decreased production
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2
Q

evidence of regeneration in anaemia

A
  • presence of retics
  • MCHC = decreased/hypochromic
  • MCV = increased/macrocytic
  • morphology: polychromasia, macrocytosis
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3
Q

how may days for regenerative response to develop in anaemia

A

3-5 days

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4
Q

indications for blood transfusions in acute anaemia cases

A

PCV ~25% + patient unstable

OR PCV <20%

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5
Q

indications for blood transfusions in chronic anaemia cases

A

CS (mentation, weakness, tachycardia/pnoea) OR PCV <12% (consider if 15-20%)

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6
Q

How do cats and dogs differ when it comes to blood types?

A

Cats have preformed antibodies so will react on first transfusion
Dogs do not so very unlikely to react from first transfusion.

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7
Q

What blood types do cats have?

A

A, B or AB

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8
Q

What blood types to dogs have?

A

DEA 1 is most common

but many types ~12 w/ subtypes

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9
Q

What is considered the universal blood type in dogs?

A

DEA 1 negative

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10
Q

what is a major crossmatch?

A

donor RBC w/ patient serum

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11
Q

what is a minor crossmatch?

A

patient RBC w/ donor serum

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12
Q

Dog blood donor requirement

A

Healthy, >25kg, min/no sedation.
Jug vein –> 450ml in CPDA
No replacement fluids

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13
Q

Cat blood donor requirement

A

Healthy >5kg w/ sedation (diazepam + ket)
Jug - 54ml into 60ml syringe + 6ml anticoag solution
Give 100ml LRS after.

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14
Q

Rate of blood transfusion

A

start slow 1ml/kg/hr for 15min –> increase rate to give whole volume over 4hrs if no reactions

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15
Q

Blood transfusion dose volume

A

Weight x BV x (desired PCC - Current PCV)/donor PCV

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16
Q

rule of thumb: 1ml/kg pRBC will raise PCV by

A

1%

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17
Q

Rule of thumb: 2ml/kg fresh whole blood will raise PCV by

A

1%

18
Q

6 arms of management of haemorrhage dt physical disruption of vessels

A
  1. Sx haemostasis
  2. Prssure
  3. Local vasoconstrictors
  4. Prevent self-trauma
  5. Mild sedation
  6. Systemic + topical antifibrinolytics
19
Q

4 stages of primary haemostasis

A
  1. Subendothelial collagen exposure
  2. Platelet adhesion
  3. Platelet activation
  4. Aggregation
20
Q

what clotting factors are activated in the intrinsic cascade?

A

12 –> 11 –> 9 –> 8 –> 10

21
Q

what clotting factors are activated in the extrinsic cascade?

A

3 –> 7 –> 10

22
Q

list 3 endogenous anticoagulants

A
  • tissue factor pathway inhibitor
  • antithrombin
  • protein C
23
Q

what are the 3 types of von Willebrand disease?

A
  1. Low conc. of all multimers - Doberman, Himalayan cat
  2. Lack of large multimers - German shorthair pointer
  3. Complete lack of all multimers. - DSH cats
24
Q

diagnosis of vWF disease?

A
  • ensure platelet count is normal first
  • platelet function tests - PFA, BMBT
  • vWF assays
25
Q

what products can be used to treat vWF disease?

A
  • Fresh whole blood
  • Fresh frozen plasma
  • Cryoprecipitate

Desmopressin for type 1 only

26
Q

Tx of rodenticide toxicity ingest w/in last 24hs

A

Vit K1 or PT in 36-48hrs

27
Q

Tx of rodenticide toxicity ingest w/in last 1-2hrs

A

emesis + activated charcoal

- Vit K1 or PT in 36-48hrs

28
Q

Tx of rodenticide toxicity actively bleeding

A
  • BV expansion
  • O2 sup
  • FFP/FWB/FP/Cryopoor and VitK
  • monitoring for min. of 12hrs
29
Q

MOA of rodenticides

A

inhibits Vit.K epoxide reductase used to recycle Vit.K –> no CS until coag. factors depleted (2-3days)

30
Q

which clotting factor has the shortest half life?

A

Factor VII

31
Q

Haemophilia A is a deficiency in?

A

FVIII (8)

32
Q

Haemophilia B is a deficiency in?

A

FIX (9)

33
Q

Factor VII deficiency is common in what breed of dog?

A

Beagles

34
Q

Hageman deficiency is a deficiency in what?

A

FactorXII (12)

35
Q

Rank the factor deficiencies from the highest to lowest risk of bleeding

A
  1. Haemophilia A (8)
  2. Haemophilia B (9)
  3. Factor VII deficit
  4. Hageman Deficiency - no risk of bleeding
36
Q

Cryoprecipitate contains

A

VIII, vWF, Fibrinogen

37
Q

Cryopoor contains

A

all other clotting factors (not VIII, vWF, Fibrinogen)

38
Q

Frozen plasma can be kept for how long and contains what?

A

1-5years, vit.k Factors

39
Q

Dose for FFP infusion?

A

10-20ml/kg

40
Q

FFP can be kept for how long?

A

1 year

ECC/Critical Care (5 decks)

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