Haematology Flashcards
isolated neutropaenia
hereditary, toxic, or immune cause
- Benign ethnic neutropaenia
- myelodysplastic malignancies
- aplastic anemia
- SLE, RA
Polycythaemia rubra vera can progress to …
myelofibrosis
AML
macrocytic, megaloblastic anaemia causes
vitamin B12 deficiency
folate deficiency
macrocytic, normoblastic anaemia causes
alcohol liver disease hypothyroidism pregnancy reticulocytosis myelodysplasia drugs: cytotoxics
disseminated intravascular coagulation what?
causes?
clotting factors used in small blood clots
–> purpura & petechia
but bleeding more likely
sepsis, trauma, malignancy
disseminated intravascular coagulation
↓ platelets
↓ fibrinogen
↑ PT & APTT
↑ fibrinogen degradation products
Aplastic anaemia
Pancytopenia (few all cells)
Hypoplastic bone marrow (nothing there hun)
Aplastic anaemia causes
Parvovirus, hepatitis
Radiation
Toxins - benzene
Cytotoxic, chloramphenicol, sulphonamides, phenytoin, gold
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Warm/cold depending on antibodies
Can be secondary to lymphoproliferative, infection, drugs
Warm AIHA
IgG - haemolysis binds at body temp/37
extravascular sites - spleen
SLE, lymphoma, CLL, methyldopa
Warm AIHA treatment
Steroids
Immunosuppression Splenectomy
Cold AIHA
IgM - haemolysis - binds at 4 deg
Intravascular
- raynauds
- acrocyanosis
lymphoma, mycoplasma, EBV
Microcytic anaemia
Iron deficiency
Thalassaemia
Iron def anaemia sings
Koilonychia
Angular stomatitis
Plummer-Vinson
Iron def anaemia investigations
low ferritin, transferrin saturation
increased TIBC
Thalassaemia
inherited mutation to globing chain
haemolysis by spleen
Macrocytic anaemia
B12, folate
Alcohol/liver
folate deficiency
green veg, nuts
4 months
absorbed in proximal jejunum
treat w B12 & folate
b12 role
meat, fish
absorbed in terminal ileum w IF (from gastric parietal cells)
needed for DNA/myelin synth
b12 deficiency
- gastrectomy, ideal resection, chrons, diet
- anaemia
- pallor, mild jaundice
- glossitis
- neuro - paraethesia, neuropathy
pernicious anaemia
autoimmune atrophic gastritis
by ABS to parietal cells or IF
assoc w thyroid, vitiligo, addisons
risk of gastric adenocarcinoma
Hereditary Spherocytosis
aut dom RBC membrane defect
spherocytes trapped in spleen
- splenomegaly
- pigment gallstones
- jaundice
- aplastic/megalobalstic crisis
Sickle cell disease
B globin gene = glu –> val
HbSS (Trait - HbAS)
decreased life span
trapped - thrombosis
Sickle cell complications
Sequestration crisis = splenic pooling, shock, severe anaemia
Splenic infarction
Aplastic crisis = Parvo b19
Gall stones
Osteomyelitis infection
Haemophilia
A = factor 8 B = factor 9
X-linked
increased AAPT, normal P
Von Willebrand disease
most common
vWF - binds plats via GpIb to damaged endothelium
increased APTT, bleeding
bleeding disorder treatment
desmopressin
tranexamic acid
major & haemophilia rhF8
