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CXA101 Prac Exam > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Blood films

A

Provides information on:

  • platelet counts
  • white cell counts
  • red cell counts
  • blood cell morphology
  • sources of error
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2
Q

Normal erythrocyte morphology

A

Biconcave disc
Anucleated
Central area of pallor
Stain a pink/red colour - acidophilic

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3
Q

Neutrophil morphology

A

Multilobed nucleus - 3-5 lobes
Stains a blue/red colour - neutral
Granules in cytoplasm

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4
Q

Lymphocyte morphology

A

Large nucleus with very little cytoplasm

Stains a blue/purple colour - basophilic

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5
Q

Monocyte morphology

A

Large indented nucleus with minimal cytoplasm
Stains a blue/purple colour - basophilic
May contain many ‘holes’ where vacuoles are present

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6
Q

Eosinophil morphology

A

Lobed nucleus - 2 lobes connected by a band
Nucleus stains blue/purple colour - basophilic
Cytoplasm stains red/pink colour - acidophilic
Granules in cytoplasm

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7
Q

Basophil morphology

A

Extremely granulated
Nucleus appears non-existant
Very rarely seen as so uncommon
Stains a blue/purple colour - basophilic

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8
Q

Microcytic

A

Small red blood cell size

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9
Q

Normocytic

A

Normal red blood cell size

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10
Q

Macrocytic

A

Large red blood cell size

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11
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Red blood cells of unequal size

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12
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Abnormal shaped red blood cells

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13
Q

Hypochromia

A

Less colour than usual under staining - less haemoglobin

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14
Q

Hyperchromia

A

More colour than usual under staining - more haemoglobin

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15
Q

Polychromasia

A

Abnormal coloured red blood cells - unequal haemoglobin content

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16
Q

Manual cell counting

A

For red blood cells - count 5 of 25 smaller middle squares

For white blood cells - count 4 larger corner squares

17
Q

Manual cell counting calculations

A

(Number of cells x dilution x 10^6) / V
For red blood cells V = 0.02, D = 201
For white blood cells V = 0.4, D = 20

18
Q

Absolute white blood cell differential count

A

(Number of each white blood cell x total WCC) / number of cells counted typically 100

19
Q

Blood grouping

A

Important in blood transfusions to ensure there is no adverse reaction

20
Q

Forward blood grouping

A

Add antisera A and B to an unknown group sample.
The sample will agglutinate if the red cell has the receptor for the antibody present in the antisera.
A blood react with A, not B antisera
B blood react with B, not A antisera
AB blood react with both antisera
O blood react with neither antisera

21
Q

Reverse blood grouping

A

Add known group red cells to unknown group plasma.
The red cells will agglutinate if the plasma is of a different group.
A plasma react with B blood
B plasma react with A blood
AB plasma react with no blood
O plasma react with A and B blood

22
Q

Anaemia

A

Low haemoglobin concentration
Microcytic anaemia - nutritional iron deficiencies
Normocytic anaemia - blood loss
Macrocytic anaemia - nutritional B12 and folic acid deficiencies

23
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increase haemoglobin due to increased red blood cell production or decreased water
Dehydration, hypoxia (smoking, high altitude)

24
Q

Target or bell-shaped red blood cells

A

Liver disease due to alcoholism

25
Q

Echinocytes

A

Burr-shaped cells with small projects

Acute kidney failure

26
Q

Acanthocytes

A

Red blood cells with long spiky projections

Acute kidney failure

27
Q

Sickle cells

A

Sickle-shaped cells

Sickle cell disease

28
Q

Ovalocytes

A

Oval shaped cells

Mutation in red cell membrane - no clinical problems

29
Q

Spherocytes

A

Sphere shaped cells

Genetic causes

30
Q

Red cell count RCC

A

Number of red blood cells x10^12 per litre
Low RCC - anaemia
- blood loss, nutrient deficiency, infection
High RCC - erythrocytosis
- hypoxia, dehydration, illicit EPO use

31
Q

Packed cell volume PCV and haematocrit HCV

A

The proportion of blood that is erythrocytes
Expressed as L/L or %
Direct measurement = blood cell height / total blood height
Calculated measurement HCV = MCV x RCC

32
Q

Mean cell haemoglobin MCH

A

Average mass of haemoglobin in each red blood cell
Expressed as picograms - pg (10^-12 g)
Calculated measurement = [Hb] / RCC

33
Q

White blood cell terminology

A 
Leukocyte increase - leukocytosis
Leukocyte decrease - leukopaenia
Lymphocyte increase - lymphocytosis
Lymphocyte decrease - lymphopaenia
Neutrophil increase - neutrophilia
Neutrophil decrease - neutropaenia
Monocyte increase - monocytosis
Eosinophil increase - eosinophilia
Basophil increase - basophilia

CXA101 Prac Exam (3 decks)

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