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IHD Part 2 306 > Haematological system > Flashcards

Haematological system Flashcards

1
Q

Anticoagulation: What is thrombosis?

A

Inappropriate blood coagulation within a vessel is called thrombosis

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2
Q

Anticoagulation: What is appropriate blood coagulation?

A

when blood escapes from a vessel (failure of this results in bleeding)

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3
Q

Anticoagulation: What are the two types of coagulation?

A

In the arterial circulation:
high pressure system
platelet rich

In the venous circulation:
low pressure system
fibrin rich

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4
Q

Anticoagulation: How is arterial thrombosis treated?

A

Antiplatelet

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5
Q

Anticoagulation: How is venous thrombosis treated?

A

Anticoagulant

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6
Q

Anticoagulation: What are 3 common anti platelet drugs? How do they work? What is the lifetime of the drug? What is the dose?

A

Aspirin
Inhibits cyclo-oxygenase (platelet enzyme) irreversibly
Act for lifetime of platelet ie 7-10 days
Dose 75-300mg per day

Clopidogrel
Blocks ADP receptor (on platelet surface) irreversibly
Acts for lifetime of platelet ie 7-10 days
Dose 75mg per day

Prasugrel
Blocks ADP receptor irreversibly
Acts for lifetime of platelet ie 7-10days
More rapid and consistent inhibition than clopidogrel

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7
Q

Anticoagulation: What type of medication does not have to be stopped before dental procedures?

A

Antiplatelet

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8
Q

Anticoagulation: What are the common anticoagulants and via what route are they taken?

A

Intravenous
Unfractionated heparin

Subcutaneous
Low molecular weight heparins eg enoxaparin, tinzaparin, dalteparin

Oral
Warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban

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9
Q

Anticoagulation: What does heparin bind to?

A

Antithrombin which increases the activity of antithrombin

it’s an indirect thrombin inhibitor as it enhances the activity of antithrombin

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10
Q

Anticoagulation: How is heparin given in hospital and monitored?

A

continuous infusion

APTT test - aim for ratio 1.8-2.8

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11
Q

Anticoagulation: What is low molecular weight heparin and how is it given? What is it used for?

A 
Smaller molecule made from unfractionated heparin
Given subcutaneously
Renally  excreted
Given once daily. Weight adjusted dosing
No monitoring necessary

Used for treatment and prophylaxis
In Sheffield – Dalteparin is used

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12
Q

Anticoagulation: When is low molecular weight heparin stopped and started after dental treatment?

A

For dental work give last dose 24 hours before dental surgery
Next dose 4 hours after dental surgery

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13
Q

Anticoagulation: What does warfarin inhibit?

A

factors II, VII, IX, X - 2, 7, 9, 10 (vitamin K dependent)

protein C and protein S

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14
Q

Anticoagulation: Where is warfarin metabolised?

A

the liver via cytochrome P450

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15
Q

Anticoagulation: When do the effects of warfarin start and continue after being stopped?

A

Peak effect 3-4 days after starting, and effect still present 4-5 days after stopping
ie slow on and slow off action

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16
Q

Anticoagulation: What drug may reduce warfarin binding to albumin?

A

phenytoin

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17
Q

Anticoagulation: What drug may inhibit hepatic microsomal degradation of warfarin?

A

Erythromycin - strong interaction, stays in blood stream longer - cerebral bleed

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18
Q

Anticoagulation: What drug may accelerate hepatic microsomal degradation of warfarin?

A

Carbamazepine

19
Q

Anticoagulation: How is warfarin monitored?

A

The test to do is the INR (International Normalised Ratio)
Dose of warfarin based on the INR
Frequency of monitoring depends on the stability of the patient’s INR
eg can be 1 per week up to 1 every 8 weeks.
INR must be measured before surgery or invasive procedures
Can be measured using
a near patient testing device
Uses a drop of blood, similar
to blood glucose measurement

20
Q

Anticoagulation: What is the anticoagulation target for treatment of DVT/PE (6 months) or AF?

A

2.0-3.0

21
Q

Anticoagulation: What is the anticoagulation target for treatment of recurrent DVT/PE on warfarin life long and mechanical heart valves?

A

3.0-4.5

22
Q

Anticoagulation: What are the side effects of warfarin?

A 
Bleeding
Annual risk 	   
3% any bleeding
1% serious / life-threatening 
0.3% death due to bleeding

Skin necrosis (only at start of treatment)

Embryopathy (if used in first trimester of pregnancy

23
Q

Anticoagulation: How is warfarin reversed?

A

Stop Warfarin
takes 2-3 days

Give vitamin K (iv,sc,o)
with iv preparation 80% correction in 6hrs

OR Give Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
need large volume, only partial correction

or GIVE Clotting Factor Concentrate
Containing factors II, VII, IX, X
complete correction in 10minutes

24
Q

Anticoagulation: What warnings are given to patients on warfarin?

A

No IM injections
No aspirin, NSAID without consultation
No contact sports – otherwise normal activities
Moderate alcohol intake is not harmful but excessive alcohol intake (binging) is
Significant changes in diet should be reported
Consult doctor or pharmacist before any new medication including over-the-counter drugs

25
Q

Anticoagulation: When is it safe to perform an extraction on a patient taking warfarin?

A

iNR has to be less than 4.0

All patients must have INR within 24hr of extraction (in stable patients 72h will be OK)

Near patient testing devices give accurate results but must have documented good quality control

26
Q

Anticoagulation: What are some new DOACs?

A

Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, Edoxaban (Xa inhibitors)

Dabigatran (Thrombin inhibitor)

  • AF very common

All licensed for thromboprophylaxis after hip and knee surgery
May replace low molecular weight heparin for general thromboprophylaxis
Also licensed in treatment of thrombosis and atrial fibrillation

27
Q

Anticoagulation: What are DOACs used for?

A

For prevention and treatment of thrombosis

Aiming to replace warfarin

28
Q

Anticoagulation: What are the advantages of DOACs over warfarin?

A 
Standard oral doses, not weight based
No monitoring
No alcohol or food interactions
Fewer drug interactions 
No major adverse events other than bleeding
Half life 6-15 hours
29
Q

Anticoagulation: What are the disadvantages of DOACs over warfarin?

A

Dabigatran mainly renally excreted
No antidote (exc for dabigatran)
More expensive than warfarin

30
Q

Anticoagulation: What are the guidelines for dental surgery and DOACs? and how is the dose of the DOAC changed if an extraction is needed?

A

Use local anaesthetic with vasoconstrictor unless contraindicated
Use infiltration or intraligamentary injection if possible
If inferior alveolar nerve block is used, the injection should be administered slowly using an aspirating technique
If patient is on short term oral anticoagulant treatment, if possible delay the dental work until discontinuation of anticoagulation

If dental extraction or dental surgery is required on oral anticoagulants:
Do not take the anticoagulant on the morning of the dental work.
Restart 4 hours post procedure

31
Q

Lymphoid and myeloid disorders: What is acute myeloid leukaemia?

A

proliferation of primitive precursor cells usually only found in the bone marrow
proliferation without differentiation

replaces normal bone marrow cells leads to
anaemia: palor and lethargy
neutropenia: infections (no normal white cells)
thrombocytopenia: bleeding (fewer megakaryocytic)
bone pain due to marrow infiltration

32
Q

Lymphoid and myeloid disorders: What are the 4 types of leukaemia?

A

ALL
AML
CLL
CML

33
Q

Lymphoid and myeloid disorders: What is acute lymphoblastic leukaemia? What is the treatment?

A

malignant proliferation of lymphoblasts in bone marrow

mainly children
85% cured esp girls age 1-10 low WBC, certain morphology

poor prognosis in adults

treatment:
induction chemotherapy, consolidation chemo and or craniospinal irradiation
maintenance chemo
bone marrow transplantation if relapsed

34
Q

Lymphoid and myeloid disorders: What is acute myeloid leukaemia?

A

can diagnose via gums?
malignant proliferation of myeloblasts in bone marrow
poor prognosis in 15-50% 5 year survival

…..

35
Q

Lymphoid and myeloid disorders: What is chronic lymphatic leukaemia?

A

proliferation of mature lymphocytes usually B cells

most common

affects elderly over 65

36
Q

Lymphoid and myeloid disorders: What is chronic myeloid leukaemia?

A

High white cell count and spenomegaly

37
Q

Lymphoid and myeloid disorders: What is myelodysplasia?

A

premalignant condition of haemopoietic precursors

happens with increasing frequency as age increases

38
Q

Lymphoid and myeloid disorders: What are the two types of lymphoma?

A

Non hodgkin

Hodgkin’s

39
Q

Lymphoid and myeloid disorders: What are the two types of non Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

low grade

  • gradual onset
  • incurable about 10 year survival

high grade

  • rapid progression
  • potentially curable with chemo, radio, transplantation
40
Q

Lymphoid and myeloid disorders: What is polycythaemia?

A

Increase in circulating red cell concentration

41
Q

Lymphoid and myeloid disorders: What is multiple myeloma?

A

Malignant proliferation of plasma cells int he bone marrow

myeloma has monoclonal Ig in blood in and urine

42
Q

Lymphoid and myeloid disorders: how is myeloma treated?

A

diagnosis - blood and urine tests..

treatment
chemo …

43
Q

Oral manifestations:

A

neutropenic ulcer in aplastic anaemia

IHD Part 2 306 (23 decks)

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