Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Resp > Haem > Flashcards

Haem Flashcards

1
Q

Auer rods

A

AML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

AML and ALL blood count

A

High white cell
Low HB
Low platelets
Blast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If not treated result in blast crises and transformation into acute leukaemia

A

CML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Massive splenomegaly

A

CML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CML cells

A

Neutrophilia

Elevated basophils and esinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Recurrent infections occurs in which leukaemia?

A

CLL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hogkins presents as what?

A

PAINLESS cervical lymphadenopathy

May dislocalize to mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ix for lymphadenopathy

A

CXR, CT, PET, bone marrow biopsy and bloods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Microcytic Anaemia

A

MCV<80
Iron deficiency anaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease
Thalassemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sign OE of iron deficiency anaemia

A

Angular glottitis
Stomatitis (iron, vit b12)
Koilonychia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blood film in iron deficiency anaemia

A

LOW FERRITIN
hypochromic
anisocytosis (variation in size)
poikiocytosis (variation in shape)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

HIGH or normal ferritin with microcytic or normocytic anaemia

A

Anaemia of chronic disease:
Infection: TB
Inflammation: RhA
Malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Normocytic Anaemia

A

MCV: 80=100
Bone marrow failure –> Aplastic Anaemia
(Anaemia of chronic disease )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define aplastic anaemia:

A

Diminished haemopoetic precursors in the bone marrow and deficiency of all blood cell elements = pancytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Causes of aplastic anaemia

A

AI
Drugs: Anti epileptics
Viruses: Parvovirus B19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical features of aplastic anaemia

A
  1. Anaemia: SOB, lethargy, tirdness
  2. Thrombocytopenia: bruising, petechiae
  3. Leukopenia: increased infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bloods in aplastic anaemia

A

Decreased HB, WCC, Platelets, Reticulocytes
Normocytic
NB. Dont forget to exclude leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bone marrow trephine biopsy showing hypocellular marrow

A

Aplastic anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Macrocytic Anaemia

A

MCV>100
Megaloblastic: Folate/VitB12 deficiency
Non Megaloblastic: Alcohol, haemolysis (raised reticulocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vit B12 Deficiency: clinical features and blood film

A

Clinical features: ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, glossitis

Blood film: Hypersegmented neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Folate Deficiency can be caused by what?

A
  1. Decreased intake: alcohol
  2. Increased demand: pregnancy or malignancy
  3. Decreased absorption: Coeliac
  4. Drugs: METHOTERXATE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Blood film in folate deficency

A

Hyper-segmented neutrophils

ALCOHOLIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Haemolytic Anaemia

Hereditary Causes

A

Membrane defects: Hereditary Spherocytosis
Metabolic Defects: G6PD Deficiency
Haemoglobinopathies: Sickle Cell and Thalassemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Haemolytic Anaemia

Acquired Causes

A

AI
Durgs: penicillin
Infection: malaria, sepsis
MAHA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis:
Ix
Key words

A

Ix: blood film and osmotic fragility test

Spherocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

G6PD Deficiency - thinks to look out for in Hx

A

TIGGERS - fava beans, moth balls, infections, drugs e.g. ANTIMALARIALS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Heinz Bodies

A

G6PD Deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia Ix

A

Coombs Test/ Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT) –> detects antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Warm antibodies IgG agglutinating at 37C

A

SLE, lymphomas

AI Haemolytic Anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cold agglutinates

A

Infections eg EMW; lymphomas

AI haemolytic anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Schistocytes and Reticulocytes on blood film

A

MAHA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

increased reticulocytes

A

Haemolytic anaemia, Thalassemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

HUS Triad

A

MAHA + renal failure + thrombocytopenia (decrease platelets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does increased LDH show

A

haemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

TTP

A

MAHA + renal failure + thrombocytopenia (decrease platelets) + CNS signs + fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what MCV is thalassemia

A

microcytic anaemia

–> beta trait or alpha thalassemia –> asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does thalassemia major present as?

A

Failure to thrive, anaemia and infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Target Cells

A

Thalassemia or sickle cell disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hypochromic Anaemia

A

Thalassemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hb electophoresis in Thalassemia

A

decreased HbA

increased HbF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hepatosplenomegaly occurs in which anaemia

A

Hameolytic anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Sickle cell clinical features

A

splenic infarction
abdominal pain
dactylitis
lungs - SOB (acute chest syndrome)

43
Q

Reticulocytes in sickle cell

A

Increased in haemolytic crises

decreased in aplastic crises

44
Q

Features of hyposplenism

A

Howell Jolly Body and Target cell

Both seen in sickle cell anaemia

45
Q

Define: Thalassaemia and Sickle Cell

A
  1. Thalassaemia: genetic disorders resulting in reduced globin chain synthesis
  2. Sickle Cell: sickling of RBCs due to inheritance of HbS
46
Q

Sudan Black Postitive

A

AML

47
Q

Myeloid Stem Cells

A

RBC, Platlets,

Granulocytes: esinophils, neutrophils, basophils

48
Q

Lymphoid Stem Cells

A

Plasma Cells
T cells
NK cells

49
Q

Tissue infiltration: Headaches and gum swelling

A

AML

Along with: anaemia, thrombocytopenia, oppertunistic infections

50
Q

CML bloods

A

Increased WCC

Increased basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

51
Q

Philadelphia chromosomes

A

t(9:22)

CML

52
Q

CML clinical features

A

usually asymptomatic apart from systemic symptoms (weight loss and sweating)
bone marrow failure signs: lethargy, SOB but
INFECTION IS RARE

NB you can differentiate the above signs from CLL as in CLL you get recurrent infections with systemic signs

53
Q

Splenomegaly in which cancer

A

CML

54
Q

ALL

A

Children, lymphoblasts

55
Q

ALL signs of organ infiltration

A

lymphadenopathy, testicular cancer, heptosplenomegaly

56
Q

Acute = signs of infiltration

A 
AML = tissue infiltration --> gum swelling, CNS involvement, headaches 
ALL = organ infiltration --> lymphadenopathy, testicular swelling, hepatosplenomegaly
57
Q

Smudge / Smear Cells

A

CLL

58
Q

Rai and Binet Staging

A

CLL

59
Q

Huge increase in lymphocytes

A

CLL

60
Q

Reed Sternberg cells aka

A

Hodkins Lymphoma

Owl Eyes

61
Q

Painless mass in neck which is painful after alcohol

A

Hodgkins Lymphoma

62
Q

Hodgkins staging and NON HL

A

Ann Arbor

63
Q

Non Hodgkins Lymphoma

A

Painless mass in neck/axilla/groin
B symptoms
Hepatosplenomeglay
EXTRA NODAL DISEASE: SKIN RASH, sore throat, abdomen discomfort, testicular swelling

64
Q

Parapotienaemia

A

Bence Jones PRotiens in multiple myeloma

65
Q

Ix for multiple myeloma

A
  • Urine: bence jones protiens
  • Serum electrophoresis: serum paraprotein
  • Blood film: roleux formation
  • Bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy: increased plasma cells
66
Q

Roleux formation

A

Multiple Myeloma

67
Q

Myelodysplasia

A

PANCYTOPENIA WITH NORMAL SPLEEN and decreases reticulocytes

68
Q

decreased granulocytes (esinophils or basophils)

A

myelodyplasia

69
Q

Bone marrow biopsy of myelodysplasia

A

hypercellular

ringed sideroblasts

70
Q

Myeloidysplasia aeitology

A
  • primary

- previous radio or chemotherapy

71
Q

Tear drop polkiocyte

A

Myeloidfibrosis

72
Q

“Dry Tap”

A

Bone marrow aspiration is uncessful in myeloid fibrosis

73
Q

Massive hepatosplenomegaly

A

myeloidfibrosis

74
Q

Polycythemia Ix

A

Bloods: increased Hb, heamatocrit

decreased MCV

75
Q

Polycythemia Rubera Vera Ix

A

increased WCC
Increased platelets
decreased serum electrophoresis

76
Q

serum electrophoresis in polycythemia

A

decreased in rubera vera

increased in secondary

77
Q

Plethora

A

Polycythemia

78
Q

Ringed Sideroblasts

A

Myeloidysplasia

79
Q

Splenic changes in myeloid disease

A

Normal spleen in myeloiddysplasia

Massive splenomegaly in myeloid fibrosis

80
Q

Superfical bleeding in which bleeding disorders

A

easy bruising, bleeding gums, nose bleeds

Immune Thrombocytopenia Pupura: Normal PT and APTT. decreased platelets
Von Willeband disease: increased APTT, decreased Factor VIII

81
Q

sepsis and increased fibrin degradation products

A

DIC
increased PT and APTT, decreased fibrinogen and increased FDP
petichiae, pupura, ecchymoses, fever, shock

82
Q

Increased APTT and bleeding into joints

A

Haemophillia

83
Q

Clinical features of haemophilia

A

Haemarthrosis
Swollen painful joints
Haematuria
Muscle Haematomas

84
Q

APTT

A

Intrinsic Pathway (12, 11, 9, 8)

85
Q

PT

A

Extrinsic (7)

86
Q

Common pathway

A

10, 5, 2, fibrinogen

87
Q

Anaemia HB cut off

A

<135g for men

<115g for women

88
Q

Sideroblastic Anaemia

A

Microcytic

Dimorphic blood film with hypo chromic cells

89
Q

Pernicious anameia Tx

A

IM hydroxycobalamin (treat first over folic acid deficiency)

90
Q

Haemochormatosis

A

Presents mainly in middle aged men
Arthalgia (pseudogout)
Grey Slate pigmentation, hepatosplenomeglay, decreased erections, hypogonadism
increased serum ferritin

91
Q

main cause of HUS

A

E coli infection
diarrhoea –> turns bloody after 3 days
MAHA + Renal Failure + thrombocytopenia
schistocytes and stool culture

92
Q

Haemophilia Ix

A

Increased APTT
decreased F8 or 9 Assay
PT normal

93
Q

Define ITP

A

Isolated thrombocytopenia in the absence of other causes or disorders that may be associated with thrombocytopenia (decreased platelets but normal ATT/PT and no evidence of malignancy)

94
Q

Gout features in which leukaemia

A

CML due to purine breakdown

95
Q

Mediastinal shift

A

Hodgkins lynphoma

96
Q

Types of Non Hodgkins Lymphoma

A
  1. Burkitts
  2. Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma
  3. Other e.g. follicular
97
Q

Burkitts

A

African child, jaw involvement, starry skin apprearnce, EBV associated
TX: Chemo, rituximab

98
Q

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

A

sheets of large lymphoid cells

Richter’s transformation

99
Q

Multiple Myeloma causes what

A

proliferation of plasma cells resulting in bone lesions and production of monoclonal immunoglobulins IgA or IgG

Afro carribean> Caucasian > Asian

100
Q

Features of thrombosis

A

Polycythemia –> arterial or venous –> stroke/MI/PE/DVT

101
Q

Low ferritin and thus iron deficency can cause what symptom?

A

pruritis

Other causes: hypo/hyperthyroidism . polycythemia vera, leukaemia, lymphoma, anaemia, CKD, anxiety, bile salts etc

NB electrolyte abnormalities do not cause puritis!

102
Q

The classical triad of haemochromatosis is

A

bronze skin pigmentation,

hepatomegaly and diabetes mellitus.

103
Q

Hereditary haemochromatosis has what mode of inheritance

A

autosomal recessive disease
The diagnosis of haemochromatosis is made firstly from the haematinics, in which you would expect to see a raised ferritin, a reduced total iron binding capacity (due to saturation) and a transferrin saturation >60%. A liver
biopsy will often show deposition of iron within the cells. The genetic loci for the common genes for haemochromatosis have also been located, with
the two common mutations for the HFE gene being known. This can be useful in screening family members.

104
Q

Abx contraindicated in pregnancy

A

Ciprofloxacin,
Tetracyclines(teeth)
Trimethoprim is a folate antagonist and thus carries risk of teratogenicity.

Resp (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions