hacktivism

Question 1

history of hacktivism (1)

Answer 1

1. 1975-85 NWICO: new world communication and information order => questioning the monopoly of states on the means of com. like radio/television

Question 2

history of hacktivism (2)

Answer 2

called for a new way for com. to be organized. rise of computers => they become connected and start replacing other methods of com.

bulletin board system- uploading and downloading answers/ questions like a forum. first way in which computers started communicating.

Linux: free operating system that goes against the idea that software should be commercialized

Question 3

veletri agreement , history of activism (2)

Answer 3

ngo’s and activists agree to use telephone to communicate and recognized the potential of new technology to promote social justice

Question 4

history of activism (3)

Answer 4

the zapatista movement used telecommunication to develop their message outside of mexico. activism becomes electronic and transnational

Question 5

online activism

Answer 5

conventional + online (e.g: signing a petition)

Question 6

hacktivism

Answer 6

transgressive + online (e.g: DDOS, information theft, website redirects) non violent but disruptive.

Question 7

cyberterrorism

Answer 7

violent + online (e.g: hacking into air traffic control systems)

Question 8

transnational social movement

Answer 8

established networks in different countries to advance their goals

Question 9

1. global framing

Answer 9

“ideology” - the use of external symbols to orient local claims.
story about why they’re right
Lulz: claiming to be apolitical
“propaganda by deed”: doing things will convince the world that what you’re doing is right.

Question 10

2. repertoires of contention

Answer 10

“how you enact it” - the set of various protest related tools or actions available

Question 11

defacing (repertoire)

Answer 11

humiliating by hacking a website and putting an image

Question 12

DDOS (repertoire)

Answer 12

coordinating lots of people to request info at the same time to slow a website down

Question 13

information theft (repertoire)

Answer 13

leaks organized by hacker networks

Question 14

3. transnational mobilizing structures

Answer 14

“organization” - resource which allows contentious movement to be sustained as social movements- creation of solidarity together. supporting other movements together

Question 15

4. political opportunity structures

Answer 15

“the right time” - when the political environment has openness, its easier to protest. elite alignment stability, elite allies, coerciveness of the state are important because they limit or empower collective actors.

Question 16

contention and institutions in IR by sidney tarrow- objectives

Answer 16

will states adapt to the system and make a comeback?

will social movements fill in the void?

Question 17

4 things that led ir and social movement theorists to converge?

Answer 17

1. grassroot insurgencies (chiapas)
2. intl protest events (battle for seattle)
3. transnatl activist coalitions agaist some nation states ( brazil)

Question 18

transnational activist networks…

Answer 18

aren’t alternatives to social movements or IOs, they contain them. they interact and help find resources, and domestic actors gain leverage in their own country.

Question 19

tarrow against the global civil society thesis

Answer 19

globalization doesn’t directly create trans activism. networks are rarely transnational-identities are local.
IOs create transnatl reactions and form a cosmopolitan elite

Question 20

conclusions of tarrow

Answer 20

II’s are like a coral reef- they are created by states bit they’re the one’s that create transnatl social movements.
However, if this thesis was correct, TANs would not emerge from domestic groups but from IOs and their transnational contention