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habitat conservation Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the features of a broadleaf woodland?

A

-regular water supply
-summers not very hot
-winters not very cold
-seasonality

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2
Q

what is the importance of a broadleaf woodland?

A

-high biodiversity
-resources
-climate control
-soil erosion control
-recreation

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3
Q

what are the threats of broadleaf woodlands?

A

-deforestation for other land uses
-fragmentation of remaining woodland
-management change

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4
Q

what are the conservation efforts for broadleaf woodland?

A

-designated protected areas
-legal protection of ancient woodland in uk
-conservation mangement

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5
Q

what is succession in broadleaf woodlands?

A

-grass fields, ponds and most moorland, if left alone, would quickly revert to woodland via succession
-progressive placement of one community of plants and animals by another until a climax community is reached
-during succession plants & animals make physical and biological changes to the habitat
-these changes favour the introduction of other species

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6
Q

what is the plagioclimax community in broadleaf woodlands?

A

-very few habitats are completely natural
-activities disturb the climax community
-if these disruptive activities are carried out regularly, a new community of species develops
-this is called a plagioclimax community

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7
Q

what are some activities in broadleaf woodlands?

A

-grazing
-mowing
-burning
-coppicing
-pollarding
-culling

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8
Q

what are broadleaf woodlands?

A

-found in northern hemisphere
-mostly deciduous that shed their leaves each year

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9
Q

what is the climate like in broadleaf woodlands?

A

-range from cold with snow, to hot, with rain
-temp ranges up to about 20c down to freezing

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10
Q

what are the dominant species in broadleaf woodlands?

A

-depends on the soil conditions
-ash-alkaline soils
-oak-wide range of tolerance
-beech-most soils

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of broadleaf woodlands?

A

-large leaves to help absorb as much sunlight as possible for photosynthesis before the leaves shed

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12
Q

what is a tropical rainforest?

A

-found on equator
-very biodiverse
-14%, now 6% remaining rainforests could be wiped out in 40 years

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13
Q

what is the biodiversity in a tropical rainforest?

A

-lungs of planet
-single pond can sustain greater variety of fish than in all of europes rivers
-rainforest in peru contains for bird species than the US
-one tree in peru has 43 ant species
-fish in the amazon exceeds that of the entire atlantic ocean

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14
Q

what are the dominant species in the tropical rainforests?

A

-broadleaf evergreen trees
-palm,rubber,butterflies,mosquitos,camouflaged stick insects,huge colonies of ants

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15
Q

what is the importance of a tropical rainforest?

A

-high biodiversity
-woodland resources
-water cycle
-carbon sequestration
-soil erosion control

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16
Q

what are the threats of a tropical rainforest?

A

-forest clearance fro agriculture
-wood for fuel, paper, grazing, farming, construction
-mineral extraction
-climate change
-exploitation of individual species

17
Q

what is ranching in the tropical rainforest?

A

-leading cause of deforestation in brazilian amazon
-large areas of forest burnt down
-rain in amazonia washes away nutrients in soil

18
Q

what is farming in the tropical rainforest?

A

-brazil gov offered land in amazon to poor people living in the cities
-all given small plots of rainforest. cleared and turned into farmland. the land is poor quality and becomes useless for farming, many plots abandoned

19
Q

what is forestry and logging in the tropical rainforest?

A

-brazil gov estimates that 80% of all timber produced in amazon is illegal in some way
-by building roads into amazon rainforest, the logging industry opens the door to further destruction through clearing for agriculture, hunting, fuel wood gathering and mining

20
Q

what is mining in the tropical rainforest?

A

-soils underneath the amazon contain lots of valuable metals
-most of metals sold to rich countries such as USA, Japan, UK
-minesalso often cause water pollution, bc water pumped from mines contains lots of dangerous chemicals

21
Q

what is hydro electric power in the tropical rainforest?

A

-brazil has need for cheap electricity to help industry.
-water stored by dams used to create electricity. reservoirs created by dams have destroyed huge areas of rainforest
-many indigenous ppl been moved off their land to make way for the dams

22
Q

what are conservation efforts of the tropical rainforest?

A

-protected areas
-sustainable exploitation
-profits without plunder
-debt for nature swap

23
Q

what is a tropical coral reef?

A

-underwater ecosystem characterised by reef-building corals
-reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate
-most coral reefs are build from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups

24
Q

what are dominant species in coral reefs?

A

-cnidarians:corals, hydras, jellyfish, sea pens, sea whips
-fish, corals, lobsters, clams, seahorses, sponges, and sea turtles are only a few of the thousands of creatures that rely on reefs for their survival

25
Q

what are features of coral reefs?

A

-cnidarians
-nutrition systems
-high light levels
-warm, stable temperatures
-low turbidity
-constant salinity

26
Q

what are threats of coral reefs?

A

-physical damage by humans
-souvenir collection
-sedimentation
-climate change
-pollution
-fishing
-introduced species

27
Q

what are the conservation efforts of coral reefs?

A

-control of damaging activities
-establishment of protected areas

28
Q

what is a deep water coral reef?

A

-cold water corals dont have symbiotic alage living in their polyps so they dont need sunlight to survive
-they feed solely by capturing food particles from surrounding water
-their polyps tend to be much bigger than tropical corals
-less food energy- slow growing
-depths of 40-2000m

29
Q

what is the biodiversity in deep water coral reef?

A

-first discovered in 1970s, but most research since 2010
-unknown resources (medicine, physiological research)

30
Q

what are dominant species in deep water coral reefs?

A

-made up of only few coral species
-provide a home for many other animals, including sea fans, sponges, worms, starfish,
-number of invertebrates species on reefs in the northeast atlantic ocean can be as high as that found in shallow water tropical reefs

31
Q

what is the importance of deep water coral reefs?

A

-biodiverse
-age
-history
-research
-fisheries
-attract large masses of fish and serve as important spawning and nursery grounds

32
Q

what are threats of deep water coral reefs?

A

-oil and gas exploration
-laying pipes
-acidification
-fishing-trawling

33
Q

what are the conservation efforts for deep water coral reefs?

A

-ban on trawling
-establishment of protected areas
-global warming initiatives
-control of damaging activities

34
Q

what are oceanic islands?

A

-islands formed from volcanoes
-remote-difficult to colonise
-surrounded by seas
-examples: st helena, galapagos islands, easter islands

35
Q

what are the ecological features of an oceanic island?

A

-isolation
-endemic species
-few or no indigenous mammal predators

36
Q

what are dominant species on oceanic islands?

A

-very biodiverse
-lizards, locusts, finches, seals, marine iguana, tortoises
-lack of predators

37
Q

what is the importance of oceanic islands?

A

-endemic species
-visual reminder of our activities
-medicine
-biomimetics
-resources

38
Q

what are the threats of oceanic islands?

A

-tourism
-overfishing
-habitat destruction
-introduced species- cats, dogs, rats, etc

39
Q

what are the conservation efforts for oceanic islands?

A

-recycling
-rat eradication
-tracking ocean giants
-coastal clean ups
-sustainable tourism
-sustainable development
-water, waste management

environmental science (15 decks)

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