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conservation of biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

who are the IUCN?

A

-international union for conservation of nature
-created in 1948
-worlds largest & most diverse environmental network
-global authority on the status of natural world & measures needed to safeguard it

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2
Q

what is the red list?

A

uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies
-assess conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species across the globe

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3
Q

what are the red list categories?

A

-NE=not evaluated
-LC=least concern
-VU=vulnerable
-EW-extinct in wild
-DD=data deficient
-NT=near threatened
-CR=critically endangered
-EX=extinct

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4
Q

what are some extinct species?

A

-dodo bird
-boulder snail

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5
Q

what are some extinct in the wild species?

A

-yellow fatu
-black rhinoceros

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6
Q

what are some critically endangered species?

A

-chinese stripe-necked turtle
-siberian tiger

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7
Q

what are some endangered species?

A

-blue whale
-fiji snake

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8
Q

what are some vulnerable species?

A

-steelhead

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9
Q

what are some near threatened species?

A

-albatross
-taiwan fir

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10
Q

what are the main reasons for the redlist status?

A

-habitat loss
-introduction of foreign species
-hunting
-pollution
-disease
-loss of genetic variation

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11
Q

what are some reasons for changing status?

A

-monitor changing status of biodiversity, essential to reassess species periodically
-reassessment may result in species moving into a different redlist category for genuine or non-genuine reasons

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12
Q

what are some genuine reasons for changing status?

A

-main threats no longer present, conservation measures have successfully improved the status
-main threats have continued unabated, have increased, or new threats have developed causing status of species to deteriorate

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13
Q

what are non-genuine reasons for changing status?

A

-new info became available since last assessment
-taxonomic revision resulting in species no longer being the same
-error been discovered in the previous assessment
-previous assessment used older version of IUCN redlist categories and criteria and the reassessment uses the current criteria which has slightly different thresholds

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14
Q

what is evolutionary uniqueness?

A

EDGE species are threatened by extinction and diverged from other taxa long ago so they have greater genetic differences

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15
Q

what are EDGE species?

A

-threatened species that have few or no close relatives on the tree of life
-distinct in way they look, live & behave
-critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, least concern
-nothing else like them left on planet

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16
Q

how are EDGE species catagorised?

A

-every species in a particular taxonomic group is scored according to the amount of unique evolutionary history it represents & its conservation status
-scores combined to give EDGE scores
-high ED and GE get highest EDGE scores are priority species

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17
Q

what is the problem with EDGE?

A

-currently only calculate edge scores for species with iucn red list assessments that arent data deficient
-research ongoing to develop method for calculating edge scores that can incorporate species for which we lack iucn red list data
-70% of worlds most threatened mammal species are receiving little or no conservation attention

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18
Q

what are some edge examples?

A

-purple frog
-tooth-bilked pigeon
-boulder star coral
-numbat
-pig-nosed turtle
-winghead shark

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19
Q

what are keystone species?

A

species whose survival is important for the survival of many other species

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20
Q

what are endemic species?

A

-only exist in one geographic region
-endemic to large or small areas of earth; some endemic to particular continent, part of a continent, or to a single island
-area is usually isolated, species have difficulty spreading to other areas

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21
Q

what are the 3 types of keystone species?

A

-predators
-mutualists
-ecosystem engineers

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22
Q

what are predators?

A

-help control population of prey species, which affects quantity of plants & animals further along food web
-sharks often prey on old or sick fish, leaving healthier animals to flourish
-sharks are able to keep smaller animals from overgrazing and wiping out the grass
-when tiger sharks patrolled the grass beds, sea turtles forced to graze across wider region

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23
Q

what are ecosystem engineers?

A

-organism that creates, changes, or destroys a habitat
-river ecosystems rely on beavers to take down dead/old trees along riverbanks to use for their dams. this allows new, healthier trees to grow
-dams divert water i rivers, creating wetlands that allow a variety of animals and plants to thrive

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24
Q

what are mutualists?

A

-when two or more species in an ecosystem interact for each others benefit
-bees take nectar from flowers, they collect pollen and spread it from one flower to the next, enhancing the odds of fertilization & greater flower growth

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25
Q

what are some endemic species examples?

A

-giant panda
-scottish wildcat
-american alligator
-glacier bear

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26
Q

what are the 4 parts to the wildlife and countryside act of 1981?

A

-protection of wildlife
-countryside and national parks
-covers public right of ways (footpaths,bridleways)
-miscellaneous provisions (areas of application, offences, interpretation, amendments, repeds)

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27
Q

what is the wildlife countryside act?

A

-intentionally kill, injure or take any wild bird
-intentionally take, damage/destroy nest of any bird while in use or being built
-intentionally take/destroy egg of wild bird
-have in possession any wild bird, dead or alive, or any part of a wild bird, which has been taken in contravention of the act 1954

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28
Q

what are SSSIs?

A

-sites of special scientific interest
-biological or physiographic interest
-over 4,100 in England (2019)
-most are on privately owned land

29
Q

what are NNRs?

A

-national nature reserve
-aim to protect most important areas of wildlife habitat
-either owned or controlled by natural england or wildlife trusts
-includes coastal salt-marshes, dunes, cliffs, downlands, meadows, woodlands

30
Q

what are SACs?

A

-special area of conservation
-aim to protect 189 habitat types and 788 species identified in annexes 1 and 2 of directive
-habitats + species considered most in need of conservation at european level
-in uk, covers around 78 habitat types and 43 species
-600+ sites designated

31
Q

what are SPAs?

A

-special protection area
-protected sites for rare/ vulnerable/ migratory birds introduced under EC birds directive
-special importance to wetlands of international importance for naturally occurring, rare, vulnerable & migratory birds
-in uk, most SPAs classified as SSSIs first

32
Q

what are natura 2000 sites?

A

-SACs and SPAs
-protected under european legislation for their important wildlife and habitats
-in england, 338 natura sites covering 2,076,875 hectares

33
Q

what are ramsar sites?

A

-wetlands of international importance designated under ramsar convention
-many ramsar sites are also SPAs classified under birds directive
-uk currently has 175 sites

34
Q

what are MRNs?

A

-uk designation within 3 nautical miles of coast with similar status and protection to NNRs
-conserve marine flora and fauna and geological or physiological features of special interest
-seabed not usually owned, normal planing controls dont apply

35
Q

what are LNRs?

A

-local nature reserve
-1050 in england
-capable of being managed with with conservation of nature/maintenance of special opportunities for study, research or enjoyment of nature as priority concern
-include coastal headlands, ancient woodlands, flower-rich meadows, inner city railways etc

36
Q

what is expensive management?

A

-management for benefit of wildlife can be expensive
-voluntary gov schemes may be able to provide financial support
-known as agri-environment schemes

37
Q

what us planning legislation:uk?

A

-planning applications
-green belts
-public inquires

38
Q

what are planning applications?

A

-granted if they conform to local and national planning strategies e.g. school animal house
-hardly any development is allowed in national parles

39
Q

what are green belts?

A

-an area of land surrounding an urban area to restrict expansion, it is administered by DEFRA and the LA and must be for one of these purposes:
*protects farmlands/countryside
*prevents neighbouring towns merging
*preserves special character of historic towns
*encourage use of brownfield sites

40
Q

what are green wedges?

A

-encourages new urban growth but keeps it in contact with existing urban areas so educing commuting

41
Q

what are public inquires?

A

-held to resolve disputes over planning issues such as road building, siteing of power stations
-takes place in a public setting and the public have free access to all info
-both sides put forward their argument
-panel put forward their decision to the secretary of state who publishes it

42
Q

what are cites:international?

A

-multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants & animals. was drafted as result of resolution adopted in 1963 at meeting of members of international union for conservation of nature

43
Q

what is appendix 1?

A

-complete ban on trades (except by special species)
-includes species threatened with extinction
-e.g tiger, blue whale, rhino species

44
Q

what is appendix 2?

A

-restricted trade
-includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival
-e.g. honduras mahogany, great white shark

45
Q

what is regulation of sustainable exploitation?

A

-organisations that aim to exploit living resources sustainability:
*international whaling commission
*common fisheries policy
*international tropical timber organisation

46
Q

what is the international whaling commission?

A

-set up under the IWC for regulation of whaling which was signed in washington dc on 2nd december 1946
-aim-provide for the proper conservation of whale stock
-catch limits by species and area
-designating specified areas as whale sanctuaries
-protection of calves and females accompanied by calves
-restricting on hunting methods

47
Q

what is common fisheries policy?

A

-fisheries policy of the EU
-sets quotas for which member states are allowed to catch each type of fish, as well as encouraging fishing industry by various market interventions

48
Q

what is the international tropical timber organisations?

A

-intergovernmental organisation that promotes conservation of tropical forest resources and their sustainable management, use and trade

49
Q

what is ex-situ?

A

-in the past, zoos were for entertainment, but now have important role in conservation
-can maintain populations of animals that would be unlikely to survive in the wild
-breeding programmes
-reintroductions
-education and research role
-provide funding for conservation projects

50
Q

what are some constraints of zoos?

A

-habitat size
-food
-dependency on other species
-financial constraints

51
Q

what are some issues with zoos?

A

-in small population some of the alleles may not get passed on by chance
-this is genetic drift
-reduces genetic diversity
-to reduce this effect studbooks (family trees) are used to keep inbreeding to a minimum

52
Q

what are seed banks?

A

-between 60,000 and 100,000 plants are threatened with extinction
-millennium seed bank project
*conserve seeds and make them available to help human kind

53
Q

what are seed bank challenges?

A

-collections must be relevent-provide useful genetic diversity thats accessible to public
-be efficient- mustn’t duplicate materials in collections
-keeping seeds alive for 100s of years is challenge
-many seed types must be stored using nonconventional methods

54
Q

what are captive breeding programmes?

A

-conditions for breeding:timing,reserve
-population interactions and breeding success: breeding v non-breeding conflicts
-breeding habitat: courtship, group size
-gene pool size: inbreeding, breed unrelated individuals
-hybridization: plants especially

55
Q

what are some alternatives to ex-situ?

A

-in-situ conservation (national parks/forests)
-arboretum
-seed libraries (local genetic info)

56
Q

how do you increase cbp success?

A

-cryopreservation
-artificial insemination
-cloning
-embryo transfer
-micropropagation

57
Q

what is cryopreservation?

A

-storing eggs/sperm in liquid nitrogen
-quicker, easier, cheaper than moving the parents
-can be stored for years

58
Q

what is artificial insemination?

A

-semen from male inserted into female
-avoids natural mating rituals
-commercially available for more than 65 years

59
Q

what is embryo transfer?

A

-surrogate mothers in closely related species
-rare species treated with hormones to release eggs
-removed and fertilised with sperm
-implanted into common species
-increases number quickly

60
Q

what is micropropogation?

A

-genetic clones produced rapidly

61
Q

what is WAZA?

A

-global alliance of regional associations, national federations, zoos and aquariums, dedicated to care and conservation of animals and their habitats
-membership consists of nearly 400 leading institutions and organisations around the world

62
Q

what are WAZAs priorities?

A

-animal welfare
-conservation
-community conservation
-sustainability

63
Q

what is species 360?

A

-22,000 species
-220M husbandry records (how to look after them)
-82M medical records
-10M animals living & historical
-44 years

64
Q

what are release programmes?

A

-selecting suitable sites:
*large enough for suitable habitat
*reliable food/water supplies
*low predation
*suitable breeding sites
*support from local human pop.
*offical support (legal)

65
Q

what are some problems for the individuals?

A

-finding food
-developing hunting skills
-recognising safe and poisonous food
-recognising and avoiding predators
-being accepted into wild groups

66
Q

what are hard release programs?

A

-no post-release support
-e.g. fish,insects,reptiles
-suitable for adult / sub-adult animals which have been translocated from a free-living situation & are being released into similar habitat
-released at time of day which gives them max time to orientate themselves
-more likely to disperse from release site and less likely to make use of supplementary resources

67
Q

what are soft release programmes?

A

-post-release support- gradual removal of provisions
-e.g. mammals and birds
-animals being maintained in an enclosed area at release site for period of time before release, for acclimation
-after release, given assistance (food provision)
-period of acclimatisation allows animals to become familiar with local climate
-make necessary behavioural adjustments

68
Q

what are some examples of soft release animals?

A

-whooping crane
-bison
-american condor
-peregrine falcon
-golden lion tamarin
-wolves

environmental science (15 decks)

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