HA exam 4 Flashcards
Goodell’s sign
cervix softens at 4-6 weeks
Chadwick’s signs
cervix and vaginal mucosa has a cyanotic appearance at 8-12 weeks
Hegar’s signs
isthmus of the uterus softens at 6-8 weeks
What is the early sign of labor?
Dislodging of the mucous plug
Dypareunia
pain with sexual intercoarse
What can a late start of first period be a sign of?
an endocrine problem, underweight, or very athletic females
How long does a normal cycle typically last?
18-45 days
Amenorrhea
absent menses
Menorrhea
heavy menses
dysmenorrhea
pain, cramping with menses
Gravida
number of pregnancies
Para
number of births
abortions
interrupted pregnancies (elective or spontaneous)
What is an example of a permission type statement?
“Often girls your age experience…”
Where do the penis and scrotum lymph drain to?
the ingiunial lymph nodes
What is rugae?
thin skin folded on top of itself
What is the cremaster muscle?
pull or pushes the testes as a response to temperature
Where does the testes lymph drain to?
the abdomen
At birth what size should the testes be?
1.5 - 2 cm long and 1 cm wide
cryptochidism
undescended testes
What are the first signs of puberty in boys?
- enlargement of testes
- pubic hair
- penis enlargement
When you see both urine frequency and urgency what could this be an indicator of?
UTI
Red urine indicates…
cancer, cystitis, nephritis, common following prostate surgery
Tea colored urine indicates…
liver disease, may accompany jaundice, or blood
Cloudy urine can indicate…
UTI, kidney stones
Clear, pale yellow urine can indicate…
normal finding
amber color urine can indicate…
dehydration
If there appears to be a bulge when a patient strains what could this be an indicator of?
a hernia
Normal finding of the unguinal lymph nodes
an isolated node <1cm, soft, discrete, nontender and moveable
Abnormal finding of the inguinal lymph nodes
enlarged, hard, matted, fixed nodes
Testicular Self Examination
T= timing, once a month
S= shower, warm water relaxes scrotal
E=examine, check for changes, report changes immediately
Cooper’s ligaments
help connect breast tissue to the chest wall
Where are the central axillary nodes located?
high up in the middle of axilla, receives lymph from the other three groups
Where are the pectoral nodes located?
just inside the anterior axillary fold
Where are the subscapular nodes located?
deep into the posterior axillary folds
Where are the lateral nodes located?
along the humerus inside the upper arm
Where does most of the lymph in the body drain to?
the ipsilateral axillary nodes (meaning same side)
What is the only thing present in the breasts at birth?
just the lactiferous ducts
When are the breasts the smallest size during the cycle?
4 to 7 days of menses
What is mastalgia?
pain or tenderness in the breasts
What is galactorrhea?
milky substance in non-breast feeding patients. This is a symptoms and not a disease itself
What can retraction or fixation of the breasts indicate?
fibrosis from neoplasms
What is the best choice for palpating the breasts?
the vertical strip pattern
What is a fibroadenoma?
a solitary non-tender mass, type of benign breast disease; feels solid firm, rubbery, and elastic; move freely
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
personality, behavior, emotion, intellect
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
sensation
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
hearing, taste, smell
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
visual reception
Wernicke’s area
speech comprehension
Broca’s area
speech production
Where are the herberden’s nodes located?
the knuckle closest to the finger nail
Where are bouchard’s nodes located?
the knuckle in the middle of the finger
What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid is an autoimmune disease that effects people when they are younger til they are older and osteoarthritis is because of wear and tear of the joints
What is effusion?
excess joint fluid. (sprained ankle)
What is subluxation?
partial dislocation of a joint (pops out and comes back in on its own)
What is contracture?
shortening of the muscle from lack of use
What is ankylosis?
stiffness or fixation of a joint. can only extend to a certain point or cant extend at all
What are some causes of carpel tunnel syndrome?
occupation (typing, machinery that vibrates), injury, pregnancy, metabolic disorders.
What is an aura?
a warning sign of a seizure
What is a test you can preform in the clinical setting to see if the cerebellum is functioning properly?
Tandem walk: heel to toe
Romberg test: holding hands out to the side
Kinesthesia
pt closes eyes and identifies which direction their finger is moving
stereognosis
identifies familiar object just off of touch
graphesthesia
writing a letter or number of the pts palm and having them identify what you wrote
What is a normal finding of the rooting reflex?
baby turns head when finger touching cheek.
Plantar and palmar grasp
holding on to
tonic neck
“fencing pose” head moves one way and the opposite arm curls up
moro reflex
starle reflex
What is a normal finding for the babinski reflex in babies and in adults?
babies: fanning of the toes
adults: curling of the toes
Decorticate posturing
-rigid and extended legs
-pointed and turned in toes
-arms bent toward center of body
-curled wrists and balled hands against chests
Decerebrate positioning
-rigid and extended legs
-pointed and turned in toes
-flexed wrists
-curled fingers
-straight, tense arms that are parallel to the body
Flaccid quadraplegia
no tone at all, dead weight
Kernig reflex
-knee flexes to 90 degrees and can’t straighten
Brudzinski reflex
knees automatically come up w/ head movement
What condition/disease are the kernig and brudzinski reflex a sign of?
Meningitis
