H8 Government Flashcards
when was conciliar government used
1509-1514
what did the first parliament do
Abolish the council learned in law (getting rid of fathers legacy)
What did the second parliament do
Grant extraordinary revenue for invasions of France and Scotland (similar to father ext rev)
why was conciliar government ended
H7s senior councillors did not want to support war
Henry was becoming more confident
Henry surrounded himself with young like-minded courtiers who reinforced his suspicions of the old guard
Henry was impressed with Wolsey’s management of the French campaign and became dominant
How did the role of the privy chamber extend
Henry’s minions became gentlemen of the Privy
What did Wolsey do in the privy chamber in 1519
remove Henry’s minions and replace them with his supporters
Why did Wolsey’s change to the privy chamber in 1519 not work
Most of the minions recovered their positions, chambered retained its prestige and influence, still out of Wolsey’s control
Why did Wolsey want to reduce the power of the Privy Chamber
He had no influence or control over it
What was the Tudor subsidy
when raising extraordinary revenue
Instead of using local commissioners to assess wealth set up a national committee
What was the Tudor subsidy used for
fund war in france
Success of the Tudor subsidy
did not raise sufficient funds for war with France
tried to raise unparliamentary taxation - amicable grant
What was the amicable grant
unparliamentary taxation 1525
was resisted and almost lead to rebellion
When were the Eltham ordinances
1526
What did the Eltham ordinances do
reduced the number of Gentlemen of the Privy
Who was removed as Gentleman of the stool and who replaced him after Eltham Ordinances
William Compton replaced with Henry Norris (more compliant)
Opinions of the Eltham ordinances
Wolsey did it to reduce finances in the privy council (humble servants removed too)
Wolsey did it because of his fear of repercussions from the amicable grant so wanted to remove people in the council who did not like him and he could not control
What was the kings great matter
Mid 1520s Catherine of Aragon had not given henry a male heir and Catherine was getting older
Henry wanted a divorce from Catherine and wanted to marry Anne Boleyn which required papal dispensation for the annulment of his marriage
How did Wolsey try to secure papal dispensation
As Catherine had been married to Arthur her marriage to Henry was invalid
Why did the pope not grant papal dispensation
Catherine’s Nephew emperor Charles V had taken over Rome so the Pope was prisoner to Charles who did not want Catherine being humiliated
When did Wolsey take Henry to court
May 1527
What did Wolseys court do
Tried to accuse Henry of living in sin which he admitted to to invalidate the marriage but Catherine did not accept the verdict and appealed to the Pope
1529 court case
Cardinal Campeggio was sent by the Pope to hear Wolseys case
15th June - 20th July case heard
Wolsey failed to get the annulment
Why did Wolsey fall
Failure to secure an annulment
Unpopularity from Tudor subsidy and amicable grant
End of Wolsey
October 1528 charged with praemunire - surrendered
4th November 1530 arrested
29th November died before execution
Rise of Cromwell
Suggested henry break with Rome to secure annulment
Kings chief minister by 1532
How did Cromwell change government
Role of the Royal household diminished
His own position as secretary gained importance and status (head of developing state bureaucracy)
Privy council grew in importance (managing gov and parliament)
Parliaments role developed - reformation parliament focused on Henry’s divorce and the church
How were divorce and break with the church established
statute laws supremacy over canon law was firmly established
how was the church weakened - humanists
Humanists like John Colet and Erasmus weakened the church as an institution
How did Christopher St German weaken the church
1528 challenged the churches claim to legal supremacy who asserted English law as superior to Canon law
How did intellectual justifications help the divorce
The Collectanea Satis Copiosa justified divorce on legal and historical principles
How universities helped the divorce
Henry got continental universities who were favourable to his position to provide expert opinions on his marital status to add pressure to the papacy
When and why were the clergy accused for praemunire and fined
1531 began attack on the clergy and forced acknowledgement of the king as “protector and supreme head of the English church”
Act in conditional restraint of annates
1532
Increased pressure on the papacy by conditionally withholding first year of income from the office of the Bishop
Supplication against the ordinances
1532 increased anticlerical pressure within the house of commons
Formal submission of the clergy to Henry
1532
Provoked the resignation of Sir Thomas More as Lord chancellor
When did Henry and Anna marry
25th January 1533
Secret ceremony
Catholic church saw it as invalid
When was Henry and Catherine’s marriage annulled
May 1533
Why was the problem of succession not solved
Anne had a girl on the 7th September
Act in restraint of appeals
April 1533
Monarch possessed imperial jurisdiction which was not subject to foreign power (papacy)
Appeals could not be made to Rome regarding church decisions - Catherine could not appeal
Act of Succession
April 1534
Marriage to CoA is void
Succession left to children of Henry and Anne
To deny the marriage of Henry and Anna is treason
Act of Supremacy
November 1534
Gave legislative force to the royal supremacy
Achieved the break from Rome
Treason act
November 1534
Treason could be committed by mouth
Used to convict Sir Thomas More July 1535 for denying royal supremacy
Act annexing the first fruits and tenths to the crown
November 1534
Annates paid to the king by the clergy not paid to the bishops
increased financial burden on the clergy
Increased royal supremacy
Why did Anne Boleyn fall
Cromwell felt his relationship with the king was threatened
Persuaded Henry Anne’s flirtatious manner was adultery
Anne accused of adultery and incest (constituted treason)
executed 19th May 1536
Why did Cromwell fall
When Jane Seymour died 1537 Cromwell organised a marriage to Anne of Cleves
Anne was unsuitable and king quickly got an annulment destroying Cromwell’s credibility
Accused of Heresy and treason
Executed 28th July 1540
Government at the end of the reign (1540-47)
returned to conciliar government
Privy council with fixed membership supported by a secretary
What did the court of the Star chamber do
expanded by Wolsey in 1516
Increased cheap and fair justice to encourage commoners to hold law suits against their superiors (Wolsey’s prerogative)
How many people were in the privy council before cromwell
up to 100
How many men were in the privy council after Cromwell’s reform
20
How did Cromwell’s reform help the privy council
Before many did not attend allowing those who did attend e.g. Wolsey to end up dominating
In the smaller council they were specifically chosen to have responsibility for the day-to-day running of government
As it was exclusive it meant in theory no one could dominate
