H2

Question 1

Hindsight Bias

Answer 1

the tendency for people to exaggerate, after knowing that something occured, how much they could have predicted it before it occurred

Question 2

Observarional method

Answer 2

the technique whereby a researcher observes people and systematically records measurements or impressions of their behavior

Question 3

ethnography

Answer 3

the method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside without imposing any pre-conceived notions they might have

Question 4

archival analysis

Answer 4

a form of the observational method in which the researcher examines the accumulated documents, or archives of a culture

Question 5

correlational method

Answer 5

the technique whereby two or more variables are systematically measured and the relationship between them

Question 6

correlation coefficient

Answer 6

a statistical technique that assesses how well you can predict one variable from another

Question 7

experimental method

Answer 7

the method in which the researcher randomsly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures that these conditions are identical except for the independent variable

Question 8

independent variable

Answer 8

the variable a researcher changes or varies to see if it has an effect on soms other variable

Question 9

dependent vairable

Answer 9

the variable a researcher measures to see if it is influenced by the independent variable the researcher hypothesizes that the dependent variable will depend on the level of the independent variable

Question 10

random assignment to condition

Answer 10

a process ensuring that all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment; through random assignment, researchers can be relatively certain that differences in the participants’ personalities or backgrounds are distributed evenly across conditions

Question 11

probability level

Answer 11

a number calculated with statistical techniques that tells researchers how likely it is that the results of their experiment occured by the chance and not because of the independent variable or variables; a = .05

Question 12

internal validity

Answer 12

making sure that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable; this is accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assiging people to different experimental conditions

Question 13

external validity

Answer 13

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people

Question 14

psychological realism

Answer 14

the extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psychological processes that occur in everyday life

Question 15

cover story

Answer 15

a description of the purpose of a study, given to participants, that is different from its true purpose and is used to maintain psychological realism

Question 16

field experiments

Answer 16

experiments conducted in natural settings rather than in the laboratory

Question 17

basic dilemma of the social psychologist

Answer 17

the trade-off between internal and external validity in conducting research

Question 18

replications

Answer 18

repeating a study

Question 19

meta analysis

Answer 19

statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies

Question 20

basic research

Answer 20

studies that are designed to find the best answer to the question of why people behave as they do

Question 21

applied research

Answer 21

designed to solve a particular social problem

Question 22

cross cultural research

Answer 22

research conducted with members of diferent cultures to see whether the psychological processes of interest are present in both cultures or if they are culture specific

Question 23

informed consent

Answer 23

agreement to participate in an experiment, aware of the nature of the experiment

Question 24

deception

Answer 24

misleading participants about the true purpose of a study

Question 25

debriefing

Answer 25

explaining to participant the true purpose of the study

Question 26

institutuional review board

Answer 26

group made up of at least one scientist, non scientist, and member not affiliated with the institution that reviews all psychological research at that institution and decides whether it meets ethical guidelines. All research must be approved before it’s conducted