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UvA Geneeskunde toelatingstoets > H1 + H2 Athena toets 1 > Flashcards

H1 + H2 Athena toets 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does air travel with inspiration? (Via the nose)

A

From the nares through the nasel cavity —> nasopharynx —> oropharynx —> glottis —> tracheobronchial tree —> alveoli

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2
Q

From what is the lower airway derived?

A

Larynhotracheal diverticulum

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3
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli

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4
Q

What is laryngotracheal diverticulum?

A

An endodermal-derived tissue that sprouts from the ventral walls of the foregut at approximately the fourth week of gestation

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5
Q

What happens between the fourth and seventh week of gestation?

A

The diverticulum progressively branches:

  • to form the left and right lung buds
  • left and right main bronchi
  • secondary lobar bronchi
  • segmental bronchi
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6
Q

What does the lung stroma eventually form?

A

Pulmonary interstitium

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7
Q

From what is the lung stroma derived?

A

Splanchinc mesodermal tissue of the ventral foregut

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8
Q

What happens between the seventh and the tenth week of gestation?

A
  • cartilage rings form in the wall of trachea + larger bronchi
  • progressively branching of the broncho pulmonary segmental airways
  • the pulmonary arteries branch with the bronchi
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9
Q

From what are the pulmonary arteries formed?

A

Mesodermal embryonic tissue

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10
Q

What happens during the terminal sac period of lung development?

A

The epithelia at the tips of the segmented bronchi have differentiated from cuboidal to squamous

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11
Q

With what process begins the maturation of lung development in the embryo?

A

The emergence of lung buds from the ventral foregut

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12
Q

With what process ends the maturation of lung development in the embryo?

A

With the formation of gas-exchanges alveoli and an integrated capillary network

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13
Q

What happens by the sixth to seventh week of gestation?

A

The right and left lung buds have become lobulated forming three lobed on the right and two on the left

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14
Q

Of what are the canaliculi composed?

A

The part of the lung directly involved in respiration and gas exchange

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15
Q

What does oligohydramnios do? (Foetuses)

A

It reduced the lung growth and impeded the formation of alveolar type I cells relative to type II cells

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16
Q

What develops in the sixth week of gestation?

A

The main pulmonary artery, arising from the left sixth aortic arch

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17
Q

What does the pulmonary artery follow?

A

The pulmonary artery follows the branching of the bronchial tree, down to the level of the terminal bronchioles

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18
Q

What does the paired bronchiole and pulmonary artery establish?

A

A central location in the pulmonary lobule

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19
Q

As what do pulmonary veins develop?

A

As outgrowths of the cardiac atria

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20
Q

Where do small venues develop?

A

In the periphery of the pulmonary lobule coalesce

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21
Q

What do small venues receive?

A

Tributaries from the pleura and the growing tips of the respiratory tree until they join to form in segmental veins

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22
Q

With what do these intersegmental veins merge?

A

With the main pulmonary veins near the pulmonary hilum

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23
Q

Where does the supraglottic airway begin

A

Nares and oral cavity

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24
Q

Where does the supraglottic end?

A

Vocal cords

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25
Q

Upon inspiration, where is air moisturised?

A

Nasal turbinates

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26
Q

Upon inspiration, where does the air traverse?

A

Nasopharynx —> oropharynx —> hypopharynx —> vestibule of the larynx —> vocal cords

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27
Q

How does air travel from the mouth?

A

Oral cavity directly into the oropharynx

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28
Q

What is the nasal cavity?

A

The nasal cavity is the space between the roof of the mouth and the cranial base, divided vertically in the middle by the nasal septum

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29
Q

How is the roof of the nasal cavity formed?

A

By the nasal spine of the frontal bones, nasal bones,, cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and anterior body of the sphenoid bone

30
Q

How is the floor of the nasal cavity formed?

A

By the palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal processes of the palatine bones

31
Q

From what is the nasal septum made?

A

Cartilage and bone

32
Q

How is the bone part of the nasal septum formed?

A

By the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

33
Q

How are the lateral walls of the nasal cavity formed?

A

By the maxilla, palatine and ethmoid bones

34
Q

What 3 projections do the lateral walls of the nasal cavity contain?

A

Inferior, middle and superior nasal turbinates

35
Q

In which 4 chambers do the nasal turbinates separate?

A

Inferior nasal meatus, middle nasal meatus, superior nasal meatus and the sphenoethmoidal recess

36
Q

What do the nasal turbinates serve?

A

To increase the surface area within the nasal mucosa to facilitate moistening of inspired air

37
Q

By what is the sensory innervation to the nasal cavity supplied?

A

By the maxillary nerve with a small contribution from the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve

38
Q

By what is autonomic innervation supplied?

A

By the postganglionic sympathic fibers that innervation the nasal blood vessels and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion that innervation the nasal glands to release secretions

39
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A

To transmit humidified air from the nasal cavity down to the oropharynx

40
Q

Where does the nasopharynx lay?

A

Above the sof palate and behind the posterior nares or conchae of the nasal cavities

41
Q

What happens through the actions of the vocal cords?

A

The larynx functions as a sphincter in transmitting air from the oropharynx to the trachea and in vocalisation

42
Q

From what is the trachea compromised?

A

The trachea of compromised from 16-20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings anteriorly with a soft membrane posteriorly

43
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

A

Approximately at the eternal angle into the left and right mainstem bronchi

44
Q

Where do the mainstem bronchi enter their respective lung?

A

At the hila

45
Q

What is the secondary bronchi?

A

The mainstem bronchi that branched to for the lobar bronchi

46
Q

What does the lobar bronchi supply?

A

The bronchopulmonary segments of each lobe

47
Q

Where are the branches of the pulmonary veins and lymphatics located?

A

At he margins of the lobule, within the interlobular septa

48
Q

which two different circulations supply the blood for the upper respiratory tracht and the tracheobronchial tree (respiratory system)

A

The pulmonary artery circulation and the bronchial artery circulation

49
Q

With what is the pulmonary artery circulation involved?

A

Primarily with gas exchange, (high-flow, low pressure)

50
Q

With what is the bronchial artery circulation involved?

A

Nutrient delivery

51
Q

What does the bronchial circulation supply

A

Oxygenated blood and nourishment to the connective tissue of the bronchial tree, lower trachea, airway nerves, lymph nodes and visceral pleura

52
Q

What is blood supply to the trachea?

A

Segmental

53
Q

How is the upper trachea supplied? (With blood)

A

By multiple branched of he inferior thyroid artery

54
Q

How is the lower trachea supplied? (With blood)

A

By the bronchial arteries o the internal mammary artery

55
Q

From where do the 2 left bronchial arteries arise?

A

From the thoracic aorta (one superior to and another inferior to the left mainstem bronchus)

56
Q

How does the single right bronchial artery arise?

A

Often as a common trunk with the third of fifth posterior intercostal artery or even from the left bronchial artery

57
Q

From what are these arteries part of?

A

The high-pressure systemic circulation

58
Q

Where does massive hemoptysis most likely originates from?

A

From the bronchial circulation

59
Q

To what can give bronchial arteries a rise?

A

To the anterior arteries in about 5% of patients

60
Q

In what can embolization of bronchial arteries when controlling massive hemoptysis result?

A

In spinal paralysis

61
Q

What happens after the oxygenated blood is delivered to the airway tissue?

A

This blood is returned to the heart by various pathways

62
Q

How much blood (%) drain bronchial veins of the blood delivered by the bronchial arteries to the bronchial tree

A

Approximately 25%-33%

63
Q

Into what does the right bronchial vein drain?

A

The azygous vein

64
Q

Into what drains the left bronchial vein?

A

The accessory hemiazygous vein or into the left superior intercostal vein

65
Q

What happens to the remaining 67%-75% blood?

A

The bronchial arteries return to the heart via the pulmonary veins draining into the left atrium

66
Q

What are the interconnections between the bronchial vessels and precapillary and postcapillary pulmonary vessels called?

A

Bronchopulmonary

67
Q

Into what do the bronchopulmonary drain?

A

Into the pulmonary veins

68
Q

Where does blood leaving the capillary bed around the terminal bronchioles go to?

A

anastomoses with the alveolar capillaries and drain into pulmonary veins

69
Q

What does the pulmonary artery receive?

A

The entire cardiac output with each cardiac cycle

70
Q

Is the blood flow through the bronchial arterial circulation high or low?

A

Low

71
Q

wat is de volgorde van de longontwikkeling fases?

A

embryonale fase –> pseudoglandulaire fase –> canaliculaire fase –> sacculaire fase –> alveolaire fase

UvA Geneeskunde toelatingstoets (4 decks)

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