H1 + H2 Athena toets 1 Flashcards
How does air travel with inspiration? (Via the nose)
From the nares through the nasel cavity —> nasopharynx —> oropharynx —> glottis —> tracheobronchial tree —> alveoli
From what is the lower airway derived?
Larynhotracheal diverticulum
Where does gas exchange occur?
Alveoli
What is laryngotracheal diverticulum?
An endodermal-derived tissue that sprouts from the ventral walls of the foregut at approximately the fourth week of gestation
What happens between the fourth and seventh week of gestation?
The diverticulum progressively branches:
- to form the left and right lung buds
- left and right main bronchi
- secondary lobar bronchi
- segmental bronchi
What does the lung stroma eventually form?
Pulmonary interstitium
From what is the lung stroma derived?
Splanchinc mesodermal tissue of the ventral foregut
What happens between the seventh and the tenth week of gestation?
- cartilage rings form in the wall of trachea + larger bronchi
- progressively branching of the broncho pulmonary segmental airways
- the pulmonary arteries branch with the bronchi
From what are the pulmonary arteries formed?
Mesodermal embryonic tissue
What happens during the terminal sac period of lung development?
The epithelia at the tips of the segmented bronchi have differentiated from cuboidal to squamous
With what process begins the maturation of lung development in the embryo?
The emergence of lung buds from the ventral foregut
With what process ends the maturation of lung development in the embryo?
With the formation of gas-exchanges alveoli and an integrated capillary network
What happens by the sixth to seventh week of gestation?
The right and left lung buds have become lobulated forming three lobed on the right and two on the left
Of what are the canaliculi composed?
The part of the lung directly involved in respiration and gas exchange
What does oligohydramnios do? (Foetuses)
It reduced the lung growth and impeded the formation of alveolar type I cells relative to type II cells
What develops in the sixth week of gestation?
The main pulmonary artery, arising from the left sixth aortic arch
What does the pulmonary artery follow?
The pulmonary artery follows the branching of the bronchial tree, down to the level of the terminal bronchioles
What does the paired bronchiole and pulmonary artery establish?
A central location in the pulmonary lobule
As what do pulmonary veins develop?
As outgrowths of the cardiac atria
Where do small venues develop?
In the periphery of the pulmonary lobule coalesce
What do small venues receive?
Tributaries from the pleura and the growing tips of the respiratory tree until they join to form in segmental veins
With what do these intersegmental veins merge?
With the main pulmonary veins near the pulmonary hilum
Where does the supraglottic airway begin
Nares and oral cavity
Where does the supraglottic end?
Vocal cords
Upon inspiration, where is air moisturised?
Nasal turbinates
Upon inspiration, where does the air traverse?
Nasopharynx —> oropharynx —> hypopharynx —> vestibule of the larynx —> vocal cords
How does air travel from the mouth?
Oral cavity directly into the oropharynx
What is the nasal cavity?
The nasal cavity is the space between the roof of the mouth and the cranial base, divided vertically in the middle by the nasal septum
How is the roof of the nasal cavity formed?
By the nasal spine of the frontal bones, nasal bones,, cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and anterior body of the sphenoid bone
How is the floor of the nasal cavity formed?
By the palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal processes of the palatine bones
From what is the nasal septum made?
Cartilage and bone
How is the bone part of the nasal septum formed?
By the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
How are the lateral walls of the nasal cavity formed?
By the maxilla, palatine and ethmoid bones
What 3 projections do the lateral walls of the nasal cavity contain?
Inferior, middle and superior nasal turbinates
In which 4 chambers do the nasal turbinates separate?
Inferior nasal meatus, middle nasal meatus, superior nasal meatus and the sphenoethmoidal recess
What do the nasal turbinates serve?
To increase the surface area within the nasal mucosa to facilitate moistening of inspired air
By what is the sensory innervation to the nasal cavity supplied?
By the maxillary nerve with a small contribution from the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve
By what is autonomic innervation supplied?
By the postganglionic sympathic fibers that innervation the nasal blood vessels and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion that innervation the nasal glands to release secretions
What is the function of the nasopharynx?
To transmit humidified air from the nasal cavity down to the oropharynx
Where does the nasopharynx lay?
Above the sof palate and behind the posterior nares or conchae of the nasal cavities
What happens through the actions of the vocal cords?
The larynx functions as a sphincter in transmitting air from the oropharynx to the trachea and in vocalisation
From what is the trachea compromised?
The trachea of compromised from 16-20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings anteriorly with a soft membrane posteriorly
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
Approximately at the eternal angle into the left and right mainstem bronchi
Where do the mainstem bronchi enter their respective lung?
At the hila
What is the secondary bronchi?
The mainstem bronchi that branched to for the lobar bronchi
What does the lobar bronchi supply?
The bronchopulmonary segments of each lobe
Where are the branches of the pulmonary veins and lymphatics located?
At he margins of the lobule, within the interlobular septa
which two different circulations supply the blood for the upper respiratory tracht and the tracheobronchial tree (respiratory system)
The pulmonary artery circulation and the bronchial artery circulation
With what is the pulmonary artery circulation involved?
Primarily with gas exchange, (high-flow, low pressure)
With what is the bronchial artery circulation involved?
Nutrient delivery
What does the bronchial circulation supply
Oxygenated blood and nourishment to the connective tissue of the bronchial tree, lower trachea, airway nerves, lymph nodes and visceral pleura
What is blood supply to the trachea?
Segmental
How is the upper trachea supplied? (With blood)
By multiple branched of he inferior thyroid artery
How is the lower trachea supplied? (With blood)
By the bronchial arteries o the internal mammary artery
From where do the 2 left bronchial arteries arise?
From the thoracic aorta (one superior to and another inferior to the left mainstem bronchus)
How does the single right bronchial artery arise?
Often as a common trunk with the third of fifth posterior intercostal artery or even from the left bronchial artery
From what are these arteries part of?
The high-pressure systemic circulation
Where does massive hemoptysis most likely originates from?
From the bronchial circulation
To what can give bronchial arteries a rise?
To the anterior arteries in about 5% of patients
In what can embolization of bronchial arteries when controlling massive hemoptysis result?
In spinal paralysis
What happens after the oxygenated blood is delivered to the airway tissue?
This blood is returned to the heart by various pathways
How much blood (%) drain bronchial veins of the blood delivered by the bronchial arteries to the bronchial tree
Approximately 25%-33%
Into what does the right bronchial vein drain?
The azygous vein
Into what drains the left bronchial vein?
The accessory hemiazygous vein or into the left superior intercostal vein
What happens to the remaining 67%-75% blood?
The bronchial arteries return to the heart via the pulmonary veins draining into the left atrium
What are the interconnections between the bronchial vessels and precapillary and postcapillary pulmonary vessels called?
Bronchopulmonary
Into what do the bronchopulmonary drain?
Into the pulmonary veins
Where does blood leaving the capillary bed around the terminal bronchioles go to?
anastomoses with the alveolar capillaries and drain into pulmonary veins
What does the pulmonary artery receive?
The entire cardiac output with each cardiac cycle
Is the blood flow through the bronchial arterial circulation high or low?
Low
wat is de volgorde van de longontwikkeling fases?
embryonale fase –> pseudoglandulaire fase –> canaliculaire fase –> sacculaire fase –> alveolaire fase
