Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Yr 2 -FHHD > H1 - Anaemia > Flashcards

H1 - Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

what is anaemia

A

low Hb levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 main predisposing factors of anaemia

A
  • ↓ production RBCs
  • ↑ destruction of RBCs
  • loss of RBCs (bleeding)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what 4 things cause ↓ production RBCs, causing anaemia

A 
iron deficiency
B12 or folate deficiency
marrow infiltration (cancer)
chronic disease (rheumatoid, cancer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what can cause ↑ destruction of RBCs, causing anaemia

A
  • disorders of RBC membrane/enzyme/Hb

- immune destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the types of classification of anaemias

A

inherited vs acquired
microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic
immune vs non-immune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the sizes of micro, normo and macrocytic RBCs

A

<76 = microcytic
76 -96 = normocytic
>96 macrocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are causes of microcytic anaemia

A

iron deficiency

thalassaemia ( ↓ Hb disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what causes iron deficiency anaemia

A

defective Hb synthesis

  • results in small RBCs (microcytic) - reduced RBC maturation- variable sizes
  • contains ↓ amounts of Hb (hypochromic/paler)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the factors that enhance iron absorption

A 
haem iron (meat)
ferrous salts (Fe2+)
acid pH
iron deficiency
pregnancy
hypoxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the factors that impair iron absorption

A 
non-haem iron (veg)
ferric salts (Fe3+)
alkaline pH
iron overload
inflammatory disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do you confirm iron deficiency

A
  1. full blood count
  2. blood film
  3. ↓ serum ferritin (storage iron)
  4. ↓ serum iron
  5. ↑ transferrin saturation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what can be the causes of iron deficiency which will then cause anaemia

A

menorrhagia

males = GIT bleeding (ulcer, cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the best way to treat iron deficiency

A

replace iron
diet
oral iron ( supplements)
avoid blood transfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes of normocytic anaemias are there

A 
cancer
chronic disease
acute blood loss
renal disease
haemolysis (destruction of rbcs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are types of marrow infiltration (cancer) that can cause anaemia

A
  • metastatic cancer (breast, prostate, lung, thyroid renal, any)
  • myeloma
  • myelofibrosis
  • leukaemia + lymphoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the cause of anaemia of chronic disease

A
  • chronic inflammation, infection or cancer

- caused by inflammatory cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens in anaemia of chronic disease

A
  • ↓ RBC lifespan
  • poor marrow response to Epo (erythropoietin = hormone helps make RBC)
  • depressed erythropoiesis
  • inflammatory cytokines
  • interfere with Epo production + actions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what treatment would you give to someone with anaemia of chronic disease

A

find underlying cause

Erythropoietin to stimulate RBC release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 7 main causes of macrocytic anaemia

A
  1. B12 or folate deficiency(megaloblastic)
  2. liver disease
  3. alcohol
  4. haemolytic if reticulocytosis (↑ immature RBCs)
  5. bone marrow failure
  6. myelodysplasia (blood cancer)
  7. drugs (chemo, anticonvulsants )
20
Q

how does vit b12 + folate deficiency cause macrocytic anaemia

A
  • B12 + folate needed for DNA synthesis
  • DNA synthesis impaired
  • cells fail to divide
  • large cells
21
Q

what causes the large size of the megaloblastic (macrocytic) rbc in megaloblastic anaemia

A
  • delayed maturation of nucleus of erythroblasts
  • due to defective DNA synthesis
  • due to B12/ folate deficiency
22
Q

what are the causes of b12 deficiency

A

nutrition
malabsorption
gastric - total/partial gastrectomy
intestinal - stagnant loop syndromes, Ileal disease, tapeworm

23
Q

What is pernicious anaemia, who is normally affects and what causes it

A
  • b12 deficiency
  • fair hair, blue eyes, blood grp A
  • Autoantibody against gastric mucosa + intrinsic factor (IF)
  • leads to gastric atrophy, ↓acid + ↓ IF secretion
24
Q

What are clinical features that can be seen with someone with pernicious anaemia

A
  • Insidious
  • anaemia
  • glossitis
  • mild jaundice
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • post + lat column damage
  • dementia
  • optic atrophy
25
Q

What are clinical neurology features that can be seen with someone with pernicious anaemia

A
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • post + lat column damage
  • dementia
  • optic atrophy
26
Q

what is the treatment for pernicious anaemia

A

IM B12 every 3 months for life

27
Q

What are the causes of folate deficiency

A
  • nutrition = age, alcholism, poverty
    malabsorption - Coeliac, Crohn’s
  • anticonvulsants
28
Q

What are clinical features that can be seen with someone with folate deficiency

A
  • insidious
  • anaemia
  • glossitis
  • mild jaundice
  • NO NEUROLOGY
29
Q

what is the difference between b12 deficiency + folate deficiency in clinical features

A

b12 deficiency - neurology affected but in folate deficiency no neurology affected

30
Q

what is the treatment for folate deficiency

A

oral folic acid

31
Q

what is haemolytic anaemia

A

anaemia due to shortened RBC survival (<120 days)

32
Q

what are the main features of haemolysis

A
  1. membrane
  2. Hb
  3. enzymes
33
Q

what are the abnormalities of the RBC in haemolytic anameias

A 
1. membrane 
antibodies against RBC membrane 
alloantibodies 
2. Hb 
abnormal structure (sickle)
thalassaemia
3. ↓ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
34
Q

how does haemolytic anaemia present itself

A
  • pallor + anaemia
  • jaundice
  • gallstones
  • splenomegaly
35
Q

explain hereditary spherocytosis

A

Hereditary spherocytosis
autosomal dominant
spherocytes in peripheral blood

they are weird shape so get destroyed more quickly

36
Q

what are spherocytes

A

RBCs but sphere shaped instead of disc - more fragile

37
Q

explain G6PD deficiency

A
  • G6PD reverses oxidation of Hb, -> destruction of membrane

- x linked

38
Q

what are the clinical features of G6PD Deficiency

A

neonatal jaundice
acute haemolysis with oxidant drugs
fava beans

39
Q

explain what happens in sickle cell

A 
- point mutation
When ↓O2 
- Hb forms long rod structures
- RBCs sickle
- ↑ rigid
block microcirculation 
- ischaemia
- pain
40
Q

describe the autoimmune haemolytic anaemia antibody

A

self reacting IgG antibody
attaches to RBC
removed by spleen (extravascular haemolysis)

41
Q

How do you prove there is a antibody on the cell

A

Direct Coombs test

  1. blood with human anti-RBC antibody - attached to antigens
  2. patient’s RBCs incubated with antihuman antibodies (Coombs reagent)
  3. RBCs agglutinate. Reagent antibodies forms links to human RBCs using human antibodies
42
Q

what are some causes of immune haemolytic anaemia

A

drugs (penicillin)
cancer
blood transfusion
connective tissue disease

43
Q

how do you investigate anaemia in general

A
  1. history + examination (drugs, family, lymph nodes)
  2. repeat FBC + see blood film
  3. Check serum B12, folate + ferritin
  4. renal + liver function
  5. ESR (checks inflammation/diseases)
44
Q

describe the lab features of haemolytic anaemia

A 
↓Hb
↑ reticulocytes
↑LDH
↑ bilirubin 
↑ urinary B
haptoglobin
45
Q

What are the 3 things that can cause congenital haemolytic anaemia

A
  • RBC membrane ( hereditary spherocytosis)
  • Hb structure (sickle cell,
    thalassaemia)
  • enzyme deficiency ↓ G6PD)
46
Q

What are the 2 things that can cause acquired haemolytic anaemia

A

immune mediated - primary./secondary

mechanical - heart valves

47
Q

what does immune mediated mean

A

immune system is responsible for destruction of RBCs, can be primary or secondary

Yr 2 -FHHD (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions