h&m chap 13

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

the process that is concerned with the direction, intensity, and persistence of our behavior over time

Question 2

Direction

Answer 2

addresses the choice of activities we make in expending effort

Question 3

Intensity

Answer 3

refers to how hard we choose to work, or how much effort we are willing to expend

Question 4

Persistence

Answer 4

reflects behavior and effort over time, as opposed to a one-time choice between courses of action (direction) or high levels of effort aimed at a single task (intensity)

Question 5

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 5

the drive to do things simply for the sake of doing them.

Question 6

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 6

dictated by the prospect of some instrumental outcome and is externally derived

Question 7

Biological-based theory of motivation

Answer 7

A theory that presumes motivation is genetically predisposed, determined by one’s physiology and traits

Question 8

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA)

Answer 8

An act that prohibits discrimination on the basis of genetic information with respect to employment and health insurance

Question 9

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 9

A theory of motivation that suggests that motivation is based on the satisfaction of a prioritized sequence of needs

Question 10

Why has Maslow’s hierarchy of needs received criticism?

Answer 10

Lack of empirical support

Question 11

Two-factor theory

Answer 11

A theory of motivation that suggests that people are motivated by intrinsic factors, whereas extrinsic factors will ensure people are not dissatisfied but will not increase motivation

Question 12

Flow theory

Answer 12

A theory of motivation that suggests that individuals will experience an intense level of enjoyment, concentration, and lack of self-awareness when actively engaged in pursuits that have clear goals, unambiguous feedback, and a match between one’s skills and the challenge of the task

Question 13

What three preconditions must be in place to experience flow?

Answer 13

1) a balance between the challenge of the task and the skills of the person performing the task 2) clear goals 3) clear and immediate feedback

Question 14

undermining effect

Answer 14

finding that adding external incentives to a task that was initially enjoyable could actually decrease intrinsic motivation

Question 15

Self-determination theory

Answer 15

A theory of motivation based on the fulfillment of basic needs to experience intrinsic motivation

Question 16

Are extrinsic motivators likely to hinder or promote intrinsic motivation?

Answer 16

Extrinsic motivators are likely to hinder intrinsic motivation, as feelings of autonomy are drastically reduced

Question 17

What are the three basic needs that result in intrinsic motivation if they fulfilled?

Answer 17

1) Autonomy 2) Competence 3) Relatedness

Question 18

Autonomy

Answer 18

People want to feel like they have a say in what it is they do

Question 19

Competence

Answer 19

As a general rule, people prefer to feel capable of doing things

Question 20

Relatedness

Answer 20

People have a desire for interaction and belongingness

Question 21

Equity Theory

Answer 21

A theory of motivation based on the comparison of one’s inputs to the outcomes with those of another person to determine if a situation is fair. These determinations of equity dictate subsequent actions taken

Question 22

Does equity theory suggest that both under-reward and over-reward inequity lead to motivation to restore equity?

Answer 22

Although equity theory suggests that any inequity - whether due to under-reward or over-reward - should result in motivation to restore equity, there is simply less empirical support for the notion that inequity in one’s favor leads to such action

Question 23

Equity Sensitivity

Answer 23

The individual differences that people have regarding their preference for equity (or tolerance for inequity)

Question 24

Expectancy Theory

Answer 24

A theory of motivation based on the perceived degree of relationship between how much effort a person expends and the performance that results from that effort

Question 25

What three beliefs does expectancy theory suggest effort is a function of?

Answer 25

Expectancy theory suggests that effort is a function of the employee’s beliefs that (1) effort will lead to performance, (2) performance will lead to an outcome, and (3) the outcome is valued

Question 26

Expectancy

Answer 26

Within expectancy theory, the belief that effort leads to performance

Question 27

What relationship does expectancy theory propose people must see between effort and performance?

Answer 27

In general, expectancy theory proposes that people must see a relationship (an expectancy) between how hard they try and how well they perform

Question 28

Instrumentality

Answer 28

Within expectancy theory, the belief that performance will lead to an outcome