H+H

Question 1

How is temperature taken?

Answer 1

Generally take temperature rectally. Can use a mercury or digital thermometer.

Question 2

How is pulse rate taken?

Answer 2

Locate a major artery and lightly press your index and middle fingers against it. Count beats for a minute or 30secs x2.

Question 3

How is respiration rate taken?

Answer 3

Count the rise and fall of chest and count number of breaths over a minute or 15secs x4.

Question 4

Capillary refill time

Answer 4

CRT is how long it takes for blood to return to the capillary system after its supply has been interrupted. To measure, press firmly on gum and release, then time how long it takes for the blood to flow back.

Question 5

Daily checks

Answer 5

• Appetite and water intake.
• Faeces and urine.
• Behaviour.
• Movement and gait.

Question 6

Weekly checks

Answer 6

Appearance of:
- Eyes.
- Ears.
- Nose.
- Mouth/teeth.
Appearance of:
- Skin.
- Fur/feathers.
- Scales.
Appearance of mucous membranes.
Genitals and anal area.
Appearance of limbs and feet.

Question 7

Pathogens

Answer 7

• Bacteria.
• Fungi.
• Protozoa.
• Virus.
• Parasite.

Question 8

Bacteria structure

Answer 8

Single-celled organisms that belong to the class of cells - prokaryotes. They have a cell wall but no membrane-bound nucleus or contain mitochondria. Neither plant or animal.

Question 9

Virus structure

Answer 9

Simple organisms that consist of genetic material either DNA or RNA. They are surrounded by a thick protective coat. Non-living organisms as they require a host cell in order to reproduce.

Question 10

Fungi Structure

Answer 10

Multicellular fungi are made up of fungal cells that are organised into thread like structures called hyphae. Single cell fungi are not organised.

Question 11

Protozoa structure

Answer 11

Single-celled organisms that display animal like characteristics, such as movement and feeding.

Question 12

Parasite structure

Answer 12

A parasite is an organism that lives in another organism. Pathogenic parasites in animals tend to be either, protozoa, ticks or worms.

Question 13

Disease transmission

Answer 13

• Direct.
• Indirect.
• Airborne.
• Inhalation.
• Ingestion.

Question 14

Indirect transmission

Answer 14

• Fomite: any non-living object that can contain and transmit diseases.
• Vectors: some pathogens are spread by other organisms.

Question 15

Notifiable diseases + 2 eg.

Answer 15

There is a legal requirement to report them to the Animal and Plant Health Agency.
- Rabies = virus that attacks the nervous system.
- Swine flu = a disease that spreads between pigs via direct contact.

Question 16

Zoonotic diseases + 2 eg.

Answer 16

An infectious disease that can be passed on to humans.
- Ringworm = a fungus which lives on the top layer of skin.
- Sarcoptic mange = a disease on the skin caused by a mite that burrows.

Question 17

Dogs core vaccinations:

Answer 17

• Canine distemper virus.
• Canine parvovirus.

Question 18

Topical medicine administration

Answer 18

Applied to the surface of the body.

Question 19

Enteral medicine administration.

Answer 19

Given internally via the mouth of rectum.

Question 20

Parenteral medicine administration

Answer 20

Given internally via injections in skin, veins or muscles