H Flashcards
What is spermatogenesis?
The process by which spermatogonia undergo mitosis and meiosis to produce mature sperm.
What are spermatogonia?
Diploid cells that undergo mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes.
What is the role of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)?
Stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.
What does Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) do?
Promotes maturation of spermatogonia into sperm cells and stimulates Sertoli cells.
What is the function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?
Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone.
Where is testosterone produced?
By Leydig cells in response to LH.
What is the negative feedback mechanism in spermatogenesis?
High testosterone levels inhibit GnRH and LH release, maintaining hormone balance.
What is oogenesis?
The process by which oogonia undergo mitosis to form primary oocytes and eventually mature ova.
What happens to primary oocytes during the menstrual cycle?
Usually one resumes meiosis I to produce a secondary oocyte and a polar body.
What is the role of oestrogen in oogenesis?
Promotes thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for potential implantation.
What does progesterone do after ovulation?
Maintains the uterine lining for potential implantation and pregnancy.
What is the function of the placenta?
Facilitates gas and nutrient exchange between mother and fetus.
What are the two sides of the placenta?
Fetal side (chorion) and maternal side (uterine tissues).
What is the acrosomal reaction?
The process where enzymes from the sperm’s acrosome break down the zona pellucida to allow sperm entry.
What is the significance of cortical granules in eggs?
Prevent additional sperm from entering the egg after fertilization.
What is the effectiveness of abstinence as a contraceptive method?
100%.
What is the procedure for a vasectomy?
Vasa deferentia are cut and tied.
What is the primary risk associated with tubal ligation?
Irreversible sterility.
What hormonal changes occur during pregnancy?
Increased production of estrogen, progesterone, and hCG.
What is the role of folic acid during pregnancy?
Essential for nervous system development and preventing neural tube defects.
What is the main function of the amnion?
Contains amniotic fluid that cushions the fetus.
What is the effect of high levels of oestrogen on FSH and LH release?
Inhibits the release of FSH and LH.
What does the allantois do?
Collects nitrogenous wastes produced by the fetus.
What is a potential risk of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
Fetal alcohol syndrome, leading to growth defects and neurological issues.
What is the effectiveness of oral contraception?
Almost 100%.
What is the purpose of contraceptive implants?
Release progestin to prevent ovulation.
What is the methodology of the diaphragm as a contraceptive method?
Blocks entrance of sperm to the uterus.
What is the effectiveness of male condoms?
About 85%.
What is the risk associated with coitus interruptus?
None known at present.
What is the effectiveness of natural family planning?
About 70%.
