GYNE 1:1-2 Flashcards
This can be visualized within a framework in which nurses, using nursing process, nursing theory, and evidence-based practice, care for families during childbearing and childrearing years
Maternal and child health nursing
whilst offering women opportunities for personal development and fulfilment, this also present inherent risks.
Pregnancy and childbearing
What/Who set a target of reducing the maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 deaths per 100 000 live births by 2030.
The Sustainable Development Goals
According to the Department of Health (2020), health program implementers in the
Philippines face the following challenges exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic:
- insufficient human resource for full implementation of essential health services
- limited access to basic health services,
- misconceptions and fears on immunization, family planning side effects, HIV stigma among its users
- increased barriers to healthcare-seeking behaviors
- record-keeping, surveillance and reporting measures were hampered as existing resources were tapped to perform COVID19-related tasks.
When did the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern
January 2020
and eventually as a global pandemic by 11 March 2020 (Department of Health [DOH], 2021)
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, how many maternal deaths were estimated to have occurred worldwide in 2017
295, 000
The leading causes of maternal deaths
- severe bleeding after childbirth
- infections
- high blood pressure during pregnancy
- unsafe abortion
This can be reduced through family planning, better access to highquality antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal care by skilled health professionals.
Risk of maternal death
Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) averaged around ____ deaths per ____ live births in lowermiddle and low income Asia-Pacific countries in 2017
140:100 000
more than four times the upper-middle income and 14 times the high-income Asia-Pacific countries average respectively.
It reflects the effect of social, economic and environmental factors on infants and mothers, as well as the effectiveness of national health systems.
Infant mortality
These are important determinants of infant mortality:
- health of the mother
- quality of antenatal and childbirth care
- preterm birth and birth weight
- immediate newborn care
- infant feeding practices
According to the Healthy Newborn Network (2017),
the leading causes of neonatal deaths in Philippines are:
* ____ (31%)
* ____ (24%)
* ____ (14%)
* ____ (17%)
* ____ (1%)
* ____ (6%),
* and other conditions (8%).
- preterm birth complications (31%)
- intrapartum related events (24%)
- sepsis/ tetanus (14%)
- congenital abnormalities (17%)
- diarrhea (1%)
- pneumonia (6%),
- and other conditions (8%).
Trends in Maternal and Child Health Nursing Population:
- Families are smaller in size
- Increased Single Parents
- Increased mothers working outside home at least part – time (90%)
- Families are more mobile; Increased no. of homeless women & children
- Child and Intimate Partner Abuse
- Families are more health conscious
- Health care should respect cost containment
What Trends in Maternal and Child Health Nursing Population is when:
- Fewer family members are present as support people in times of crisis
Families are smaller in size
What Trends in Maternal and Child Health Nursing Population is when:
Fewer financial resources esp. woman
Increased Single Parents
Role of Nurse if: Families are smaller in size
Fullfill the role
What Trends in Maternal and Child Health Nursing Population is when:
Healthcare must be scheduled at times a working
parent can care for her own self or bring a child for
care.
Increased mothers working outside
home at least part – time (90%)
Role of nurse if: Increased Single Parents
Inform parents of care options and
back – up opinion
**Role of Nurse if: **Increased mothers working outside home at least part – time (90%)
Discuss selection of child care centers
What Trends in Maternal and Child Health Nursing Population is when:
Screening for child or intimate partner abuse.
Child and Intimate Partner Abuse
What Trends in Maternal and Child Health Nursing Population is when:
Good interviewing & health monitoring are
necessary so health database can be established
and continuity of care.
Families are more mobile; Increased
no. of homeless women & children
**Role of Nurse if: **Child and Intimate Partner Abuse
Be aware of legal responsibilities for
reporting abuse
**Role of Nurse if: ** Families are more health conscious
Provide health education
What Trends in Maternal and Child Health Nursing Population is when:
Comprehensive care is necessary in primary care
settings because referral to specialists may no
longer be an option; Health insurance is not
available in all families.
Health care should respect cost containment
Trends in Health Care Environment:
- Cost containment
- Increasing Alternative Settings and Styles for Health Care
- Including Family in Health Care
- Increasing Intensive Care Units
- Regionalizing Intensive Care
- Increasing the Use of Alternative Treatment Modalities
- Increasing Reliance on Home Care
- Increasing Use of Technology
- Free birthing
- LAMAZE birth method
Trends in Health Care Environment:
reducing the cost of health by closely monitoring the cost of personnel, use and brands of supplies, length of hospital stays, no. of procedures carried out, and no. of referrals while maintaining quality care.
Cost containment
Trends in Health Care Environment:
- LDRP Rooms (Labor – Delivery – Recovery - Postpartum) a more natural
- childbirth environment as a birthing room. Family members are invited to stay to be a part of childbirth.
- Retail Clinics or Emergent Care Clinics located in shopping malls.
- Ambulatory Clinics or at home to avoid long hospital stays for women and
children.
Increasing Alternative Settings and Styles for Health Care
Trends in Health Care Environment:
- NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) or ICN (Intensive Care Nursery)
- PICU (Pediatric Intensive Care Unit)
Increasing Intensive Care Units
Trends in Health Care Environment:
ex. Premature infant transferred to regional hospital
Regionalizing Intensive Care
Trends in Health Care Environment:
alternative method of therapies such as acupuncture and therapeutic touch; herbal remedies
Increasing the Use of Alternative Treatment Modalities
Trends in Health Care Environment:
decreased hospital stay
Increasing Reliance on Home Care
Trends in Health Care Environment:
use of internet, charting in computer, using Doppler
Increasing Use of Technology
Trends in Health Care Environment:
women giving birth without health care provider supervision; unassisted birth
Free birthing
also known as the psychoprophylactic method; teaches natural childbirth coping techniques, including comfort measures, relaxation, and breathing.
LAMAZE birth method
a more natural childbirth environment as a birthing room. Family members are invited to stay to be a part of childbirth.
LDRP Rooms (Labor – Delivery – Recovery – Postpartum)
Only by standardizing this can health care providers hope to target high-risk populations with effective interventions.
communication
Trends in Health Care Environment:
breathing techniques
LAMAZE birth method
Measuring Maternal and Child Health / Statistical Terms Used to Report Maternal and Child Health
- Birth Rate
- Fertility Rate
- Fetal Death Rate
- Neonatal Death Rate
- Perinatal Death Rate
- Infant Mortality Rate
- Childhood Mortality rate
- Maternal Mortality Rate
what is it called with the – 6 weeks before conception and 6 weeks after childbirth
Perinatal Period
Statistical Terms Used to Report Maternal and Child Health:
no. of births per 1000 population
Birth Rate
Statistical Terms Used to Report Maternal and Child Health:
no. of pregnancies per 1000 women of childbearing age
Fertility Rate
Statistical Terms Used to Report Maternal and Child Health:
no. of fetal deaths weighing more than 500 g or more per 1000 live births
Fetal Death Rate
Statistical Terms Used to Report Maternal and Child Health:
No. of deaths per 1000 live births occurring in the 1st 28 days of life.
Neonatal Death Rate
Statistical Terms Used to Report Maternal and Child Health:
No. of deaths of fetuses weighing > 500g and within the first 28 days of life per 1000 birth
Perinatal Death Rate
Statistical Terms Used to Report Maternal and Child Health:
no. of deaths per 1000 live births in the first 12 months of life
Infant Mortality Rate
the study of heredity and of the mechanisms by which genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next.
genetics
Statistical Terms Used to Report Maternal and Child Health:
no. of deaths per 1000 population in children; 1 – 14 y/o
Childhood Mortality rate
Statistical Terms Used to Report Maternal and Child Health:
no. of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births that occur as direct result of reproductive process.
Maternal Mortality Rate
This may occur at the moment an ovum and sperm fuse or even earlier, in the meiotic division phase of the gametes (ovum and sperm).
Genetic disorders
is the process of:
* checking family medical history and medical records
* ordering genetic tests
* evaluating the results of these tests and records
* helping parents understand and reach decisions about what to do next
Genetic counseling
relationship of the mother and the child to one another and consideration of the entire family, as well as the culture, and socio-economic, environment, as the framework
maternal and child health
defined as the death of woman while pregnant or during childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from unintentional or incidental causes.
Maternal Mortality Rate
includes direct deaths from obstetric complications of pregnancy, interventions, omissions or incorrect treatment.
Maternal Mortality Rate
also includes indirect deaths due to previously existing disease, or diseases developed during pregnancy, where these were aggravated by the effects of pregnancy.
Maternal Mortality Rate
the number of women who die from pregnancy-related cahses while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy
termination per 100,000 live births.
Maternal ratio mortality
