CHAPTER 5:2 (PART 2) Flashcards
What kind of Surgical Procedures for Heart Defect implies that the heart needs to be opened in order to repair the defect and therefore the “bypass” machine is used to oxygenate and circulate the blood without using the heart or lungs.
Open
-most common signs of CHF
*Respiratory distress signs
*Cough
*diaphoresis
Surgical Procedures for Heart Defect implies that the “heart lung machine” or “bypass” machine is not used and the heart is visualized but not cut open.
Closed
What are the 4 Non-obstructive lesions
- VSD (Ventricular septal defect)
- ASD (atrial septal defect)
- PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)
- Atrioventricular Canal (AVC) Defect
What Non-obstructive lesions is when there is Abnormal opening between R+ L auricies (Atrial allowing blood from higher pressure LA to flow into the lower pressure RA crossing the pulmonic valve
ASD (atrial septal defect)
What Non-obstructive lesions is when LA pressure exceeds the RA pressure causes increase flow of oxygenated blood into the R side of the heart Management
ASD (atrial septal defect)
What Non-obstructive lesions causes Overloading of the RVentricle → R. Ventricular Hypertrophy
ASD (atrial septal defect)
What Non-obstructive lesions remains unnoticed in infancy and childhood until pulmonary hypertension is included causing late cyanotic heart disease and right-sided heart failure?
ASD (atrial septal defect)
Isolated ASD comprises about how many percent of congenital heart diseases?
10%
Blood flows across the atrial septum (arrow) from left to right. The murmur is produced by increased flow velocity across the pulmonary valve, as a result of left-to-right shunting and a large stroke volume. The density of shading is proportional to velocity of blood flow.
ASD (atrial septal defect)
It is when During fetal heart devt, the partitioning process does not occur completely, leaving an opening in the atrial septum
ASD (atrial septal defect)
It allows oxygenated (red) blood to pass from the left atrium, through the opening in the septum, and then mix with unoxygenated (blue) blood in the right atrium
ASD (atrial septal defect)
What condition is when blood passes through the this, from the left atrium to the right atrium → a larger volume of blood than normal must be handled by the right side of the heart → extra blood then passes through the pulmonary artery into the lungs → pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary congestion
ASD (atrial septal defect)
What phenomenon is the occurrence of reversal of the pressure gradient across the ASD causes the shunt to reverse –> a right-to- left shunt will exist
Eisenmenger’s syndrome
TYPES of ASD (atrial septal defect):
- Fossa Ovalis type or Ostium Secundum type
- Ostium Primum type
- Sinus venosus type
What TYPE of ASD (atrial septal defect) is the most common form comprising about 90% cases of ASD. The defect is situated in the region of the fossa ovalis that, in utero, was the foramen ovale
Fossa Ovalis type or Ostium Secundum type
What TYPE of ASD (atrial septal defect) comprises about 5% cases of ASD. The defect lies low in the interatrial septum adjacent to atrioventricular valves. There may be cleft in the aortic leaflet of the mitral valve producing mitral insufficiency.
Ostium Primum type
What TYPE of ASD (atrial septal defect) accounts for about 5% cases of
ASD. The defect is located high in the interatrial
septum near the entry of the superior vena cava.
Sinus venosus type
What ACYANOTIC HEART DISEASE have complications like:
*Pulmonary hypertension
* Enlargement of the right side of the heart
*At a later stage, the pressure on the right side is higher than on the left side creating late cyanotic heart disease.
* Endocarditis
ASD (atrial septal defect)
Management for ASD (atrial septal defect) in which it helps strengthen the heart muscle, enabling it to pump more efficiently
digoxin
Management for ASD (atrial septal defect) in which it relieve pulmonary congestion
diuretics
Management for ASD (atrial septal defect) in which, such as prophylactic antibiotics to prevent bacterial endocarditis before dental procedures and other invasive procedures
infection control
Management for ASD (atrial septal defect) in which the patient is placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (the heart-lung machine), the right atrium is then opened to allow access to the atrial septum below - defect may be closed with stitches or a special patch.
surgical repair
What management for ASD (atrial septal defect) in which, For larger ASDs, a patch is usually used to close the hole. This patch can be taken from the pericardium (the sac that surrounds the heart) or from synthetic materials such as Dacron or Teflon.
Dacron Patch Closure
What management for ASD (atrial septal defect) in which, This technique involves
implantation of one of several devices (basically single or double wire frames covered by fabric) using cardiac catheterization
Transcatheter Device Closure
What management for ASD (atrial septal defect) in which, it involves slowly moving a catheter (a long, thin, flexible, hollow tube) into the heart. The catheter is initially
inserted into a large vein through a small incision made usually in the inner thigh (groin area) and then is advanced into the heart
cardiac catheterization
What management for ASD (atrial septal defect) in which it is a closure device is
moved through the catheter to the heart and specifically to the location of the heart wall defect
Transcatheter Device Closure
What ACYANOTIC HEART DISEASE is when there is the Abnormal opening between R&L
ventricles creating pulmonary vascular resistance
VSD (Ventricular septal defect)
What ACYANOTIC HEART DISEASE is when the partitioning process does not occur completely, leaving an opening in the ventricular septum.
VSD (Ventricular septal defect)
What ACYANOTIC HEART DISEASE has Clinical Manifestations:
§ Pansystolic murmur
§ Cardiac failure (in infants)
§ Eisenmenger’s Syndrome
§ Parasternal pulsation
§ Tachypnea
§ Indrawing of the lower ribs on inspiration
VSD (Ventricular septal defect)
What ACYANOTIC HEART DISEASE is when it allows oxygenated blood to pass from the left ventricle, through the opening in the septum, and then mix with unoxygenated blood in the right ventricle.
VSD (Ventricular septal defect)
What is contraindicated in fully developed Eisenmenger’s syndrome when heart-lung transplantation may be the only effective treatment.
Surgical closure
Cardiac failure in infancy is initially treated medically with what kind of medicines
digoxin and diuretics
What ACYANOTIC HEART DISEASE is seen
more often in the following:
* premature infants
*infants born to a mother who had rubella during the first trimester of pregnancy
PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)
What ACYANOTIC HEART DISEASE has Complications:
*Pulmonary hypertension
* Enlargement of the right side of the heart
*At a later stage, the pressure on the right side is higher than on the left side creating late cyanotic heart disease.
VSD (Ventricular septal defect)
What What ACYANOTIC HEART DISEASE has Complications
*Pulmonary hypertension
* Enlargement of the right side of the heart
*At a later stage, the pressure on the right side is higher than on the left side creating late cyanotic heart disease
PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)
What kind of care is pulmonary artery banding
Palliative
Type of Atrioventricular Canal (AVC) Defect in which the hole does not extend between the lower chambers of the heart and the valves are better formed.
Partial atrioventricular canal defects
This procedure is done by Placing a band around the pulmonary artery to decrease the pulmonary blood flow
pulmonary artery banding
This procedure increases the resistance to blood flow through the pulmonary artery. Pressure increases in the right ventricle and
prevents excess shunting from left to right
pulmonary artery banding
a management for PDA (patent ductus arteriosus) that may help close a PDA works by stimulating the muscles inside the PDA to constrict, thereby closing the connection
Indomethacin IV (prostaglandin inhibitor)