Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1. Senior Block- O&G > Gynaecological Cancers > Flashcards

Gynaecological Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

Give 5 predisposing factors of vulval cancer

A 
Increasing age
Smoking 
Persistant HPV infections 
Vulval Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN)
Lichen sclerosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of cancers are 95% of vulval cancers?

A

Adenocarcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give 5 clinical features of vulval cancer

A 
Pain on vulva
Itching
Lump or wart like growth 
Raised and thickened patches of skin 
Open sores
Blood-stained vaginal discharge
Burning pain on passing urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is vulval cancer investigated?

A

Biopsy of lesion

Check for metastatic spread - CT/MRI, colposcopy, cystoscopy, proctoscopy, chest X-ray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is vulval cancer treated?

A

Surgical –>
Wide local excision
Radical vulvectomy

May also require lymph node removal

Other –> chemo/chemoradiotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give 2 predisposing factors of vaginal cancer?

A

Increasing age

HPV infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give 4 areas where metastatic spread to the vagina is common

A

Cervix
Uterus
Bowel
Vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give 3 clinical features of vulval cancer

A

Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Pain on urination
Lump in vagina
Vaginal itch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is vaginal cancer treated?

A

Partial/total vaginectomy
+/- vaginal reconstruction
May need radical hysterectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give 4 predisposing factors of cervical cancer

A 
<45 yrs old
Persistent HPV infection 
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Smoking 
HIV (weakened immune system)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are cervical cancers most likely to occur?

A

Transformation zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give 4 clinical features of early cervical cancer

A

Pain when having sex
Pelvic or lower back pain
Vaginal bleeding- post menopause, between periods, after sex
Unusual discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give 4 clinical features of advanced cervical cancer

A 
Constipation 
Flank pain 
Incontinence
Leg swelling 
Haematuria
Urinary frequency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is cervical cancer staged?

A

Stage 0: CIN
Stage 1: only in cervix
Stage 2: cervix and local surrounding tissue
Stage 3: Cervix and lower vagina or pelvic wall
Stage 4: cervix and bowel/bladder/lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of biopsy is done to stage cervical cancer?

A

Cone biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is stage 1 and 2 cervical cancer treated?

A

Surgery and radiotherapy

17
Q

How is stage 3 and 4 cervical cancer treated?

A

Radiotherapy

18
Q

What is a trachelectomy?

A

Surgery for women who may still want to have children. Remove cervix and upper vagina and then reattach lower vagina to uterus

19
Q

Who is screened for cervical cancer and how often?

A

Women aged 25 to 49 –> every 3 years

Women aged 50 to 64 –> every 5 years

20
Q

What does the cervical screening test involve?

A

Sample of cells taken from cervix sent for liquid based cytology.
If abnormal changes are found a follow up HPV test and colposcopy are ordered.
If high grade changes are found on the smear the cells can be removed/destroyed at colposcopy

21
Q

Who is vaccinated against HPV and which types are covered?

A

Girls aged 12-13

4 strains of HPV (including 16 and 18)

22
Q

Give 5 predisposing factors of uterine cancer

A 
>60 yrs old
Obesity
PCOS
Tamoxifen
Nulliparous
Early menarche
Late menopause

UNOPPOSED OESTROGEN

23
Q

Give 2 protective factors against uterine cancer

A

COCP

HRT

24
Q

Give 3 clinical features of uterine cancer

A

Abnormal vaginal bleeding (postmenopausal, heavy, intermenstrual)
Watery, pink, foul smelling vaginal discharge
Lower abdominal pain
Pain during sex

25
Q

How is uterine cancer diagnosed?

A

Transvaginal ultrasound
Endometrial biopsy
Hysteroscopy

26
Q

How is uterine cancer treated?

A

Surgical hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Hormone therapy- artificial progesterone shrinks the tumours

27
Q

Give 5 predisposing factors of ovarian cancer

A 
>65 yrs old
Endometriosis
Obesity
Diabetes
Genetics (BRCA 1 + 2 gene)
Hx of breast cancer
Smoking
Early menarche
Late menopause
28
Q

Give 3 protective factors for ovarian cancer

A

COCP
Childbirth
Breastfeeding

29
Q

Where are most ovarian cancers derived from?

A

Epithelial lining (adenocarcinomas)

30
Q

Give 4 clinical features of ovarian cancer

A 
Loss of appetite
Feeling full quickly
Pelvic discomfort
Increased urinary frequency
Weight loss
Bloating and abdominal distension 
Fatigue
31
Q

How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?

A

CA-125
Pelvic and vaginal USS
CT scan
Laparotomy

32
Q

How is ovarian cancer treated?

A

Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

Omentectomy (removal of omentum)

Interval debulking surgery (IDS) –> remove as much cancerous tissue as possible

Chemotherapy

Biological therapies

Palliative care

1. Senior Block- O&G (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions