Gynae Flashcards

1
Q

Endometriosis symptoms

A

Dysmenorrhoea (cyclical, just before start of bleed)
Menorrhagia
Deep dyspareunia

Infertility

Dyschezia
Urinary symptoms

Many incidental findings

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2
Q

Endometriosis demographics

A

Reproductive age

Nulliparous

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3
Q

Endometriosis investigations

A

TvUSS
Laparoscopy is gold standard
Endoscopic rectal US is good too

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4
Q

Endometriosis non-fertility sparing Mx

A

Treat if symptomatic.
Conservative - Mefanamic acid + paracetamol

Induce menopause:

COCP
IUS
POP
GnRH agonist

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5
Q

Endometriosis fertility sparing

A

GnRH agonists to shrink lesions + laparoscopic surgery for mild disease improves fertility.

Scarce evidence to suggest it helps fertility in more severe disease.

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6
Q

Endometriosis complications and prognosis

A

Most therapies help symptoms

35% remain infertile

Increased risks of:
Ovarian cancers
adhesions (esp. if surgical Mx)
IBD

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7
Q

Endometriosis definition

A

Endometrial stroma and glands found outside the uterus.

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8
Q

Common sites for endometriosis

A

Fallopian tubes!!
Ovaries (endometrioma)
Pouch of Douglas
Ligaments, colon, bladder, ureter.

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9
Q

Definition of fibroids

A

Leiomyoma - benign tumours of smooth muscle and connective tissue

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10
Q

Fibroids patient demographics

A

30-50
Afro-Caribbean
Overweight and early menarche (raised Oest exposure)

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11
Q

Fibroids classifications

A

Intramural (majority)

Submucosal - growing into uterine cavity (may be pedunculated or poke through cervix)

Subserosal - Growing outwards from uterus

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12
Q

Fibroids presentation

A

Most asymptomatic

30% - menorrhagia
dysmenorrhoea
central pelvic mass
bloating

uncommonly: infertility(submucosal), urinary symptoms, pain (if torted/degenerating)

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13
Q

Investigations for fibroids

A

TvUSS (assess distortion of uterine cavity!)
pelvic USS
MRI
Endometrial biopsy

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14
Q

Mx of fibroids - non fertility sparing

A

Conservative - Tranexamic acid + paracetamol

Hormonal:

1) IUS (if no distortion of cavity on USS)
COCP
UPA

2) GnRH agonist

Surgical:

UAE
Hysterectomy

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15
Q

Mx of fibroids for fertility

A

1) Hysteroscopic removal of submucosal fibroids if <3cm

2) Laparoscopic myomectomy

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16
Q

Complications of fibroids

A

IDA
Infertility

Red degeneration - Due to inadequate blood supply. Commonly during pregnancy.

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17
Q

Malignant form of fibroids

A

Leiomyosarcoma - 0.1% of fibroids

18
Q

What is adenomyosis?

A

Presence of endometrial tissue within the myometrium

19
Q

Presentation of adenomyosis?

A

Enlarged, tender uterus
Menorrhagia
Dysmenorrhoea

20
Q

Ix adenomyosis

A

MRI is the best

21
Q

Mx adenomyosis

A

IUS or COCP

Hysterectomy if severe/fertility not an issue

22
Q

Endometritis can occur after?

A
Post partum - especially C section
Prolonged rupture of membranes
Manual removal of placenta
TOP
Uterine surgery
23
Q

Presentation of endometritis?

A
Fever
Abdo pain
Foul smelling lochia/discharge
PV bleeding
Tachycardia
24
Q

Management of menorrhagia

A

Conservative: tranexamic acid (and mefanamic if painful)

Hormonal:

1) IUS
2) COCP
3) Progestogens (oral or IM)

25
Causes of primary amenorrhoea
``` Turner's - short, webbed neck, wide spaced nipples Constitutional delay PCOS AIS Mullerian abnormalities Chronic illness ```
26
Causes of secondary amenorrhoea
Hypothalamic - anorexia, excess exercise Pituitary - prolactinoma, Sheehan's Hypo/hyperthyroid CAH Ovarian - PCOS, POI
27
Types of amenorrhoea?
Primary - never menstruated secondary - no periods for 6 months Oligomenorrhoea - cycle varies between 35 days and 6 months
28
Causes of post-coital bleeding
Cervical carcinoma Cervical polyps Cervicitis (STI) Ectropion - Most common. More when pregnant or on COCP
29
Treatment of ectropion?
Cryotherapy
30
Causes of PMB
Most common - atrophic vaginitis Endometrial hyperplasia Endometrial Ca Ovarian Ca Polyps
31
Investigations for PMB
All women with abnormal PV bleed after age of ?40 TvUSS for endometrial thickness
32
Above what thickness endometrium do you Ix further?
Hysteroscopy with pipelle biopsy if >4mm
33
Symptoms of PMS
Psychological - depression, anxiety, mood swings Physical - Bloating, mastalgia Symptoms free week before ovulation! Symptoms worse during luteal phase
34
Ix of PMS
Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DSRP) for 2 cycles. Exclude organic cause: FBC, TFT, vit D
35
Mx of PMS
Exercise helps 1) COCP - continuous regimen CBT or SSRI for severe psychological sx Danazol - mastalgia
36
PID presentation
Lower abdominal pain Deep dyspareunia PV bleeding Purulent discharge
37
classic exam finding in PID
Cervical excitation (!!!)
38
Organisms in PID
Chlamydia trachomatis Neisseria gonorrhoea Mycoplasma genitalium
39
Ix of PID
Endocervical swabs for chlam/gonorr | Pelvic USS- exclude cysts or abscess
40
Mx of PID
IM cef 250mg + PO metro 500mg + PO doxy 100mg
41
Complications of PID
Tubal damage Adhesions Hydro/pyosalpinx due to obstruction Subfertility
42
Ix for amenorrhoea
You BETTER GO PRO AND check EAST THYROID! - BETA-HCG - GOnadotrophins - PROlactin - ANDrogens - oESTradiol - THYROID function