Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ob/Gyn > Gyn flash cards partial > Flashcards

Gyn flash cards partial

1
Q

What are the other names for the Mullerian ducts? Wolffian ducts?

A

Mullerian: paramesonephric
Wollfian: mesonephric
(Metanephric ducts give rise to kidneys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What abnormalities are associated with DES exposure?

A

Small, T-shaped endometrial cavity (infertility and miscarriage)
Fallopian tube abnormality (risk of ectopic)
Cervical hood
Vaginal adenosis (columnar epitheliam in vagina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What malignancy DES exposure put the female child at risk for?

A

Clear cell carcinoma of the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can cause labial fusion?

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and other excess androgen exposures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What presents with normal female external genitalia, normal secondary sexual characteristics, but absence of upper vagina, uterus, and fallopians?

A

Mullerian agenesis (a.k.a. MRKH syndrome, for Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser)
(Karyotype is XX, will have normal ovaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What presents with normal female external genitalia, normal breast development but scant pubic hair, and absence of upper vagina, uterus, and fallopians?

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
(Karyotype is XY, will have undescended testes that need to be removed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What condition is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva?

A

Lichen sclerosis
(These patients need careful surveillance, every 6 months. SCC follows vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What condition can lead to destruction of external genetalia architectures ((loss of labial folds, obliteration of clitoris, vaginal stenosis)?

A

Lichen sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is associated with thin, pale, crackled vulvar skin?

A

Lichen sclerosis (skin described as cigarette paper, onion skin, or parchment paper)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is associated with loss of rete pegs on histology?
What else is seen on histology in this condition?

A

Lichen sclerosis
Also thin epithelium, with or without overlying hyperkeratosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the treatment for lichen sclerosis?

A

High potency topical steroids (0.05% clobetasol or halobetasol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is associated with elongated rete pegs on histology?
What else is seen on histology in this condition?

A

Lichen simplex chronicus
Hyperkeratosis also seen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the treatment for lichen simplex chronicus?

A

Medium potency steroids (1% hydrocortisone or 0.1% triamcinolone), antihistamines, remove irritants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which lichen is associated with vaginal discharge (in addition to burning and insertional dyspareunia)

A

Lichen planus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is associated with multiple flat, purple papules on the inner labia minora, vagina, and vestibule?
What two other things may be seen on exam in this condition?

A

Lichen planus
May also see Wickham striaie (whitish, lacy lines around ulcerated lesions) and vaginal adhesions leading to vaginal stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What condition may lead to vaginal adhesions?

A

Lichen planus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which of the lichens may also have oral involvement?

A

Lichen planus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What presents with red, fleshy exophytic tissue at the urethral meatus?
What is the treatment?

A

Urethral caruncle (prolpased urethral epithelium)
Treat with topical estrogen (due to urogenital atrophy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is a Bartholin abscess treated?

A

Need more than I&D, need to keep open.
Word catheter to drain for 4-6 weeks to create epitheliazed tract is one option.
Marsupialization is another (open cyst and sew walls to skin to externalize cyst)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the normal length of the clitoris?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What 3 things can cause clitoromegaly?

A
  1. CAH (21-hydroxylase or 11-hydroxylase deficiency)
  2. Androgen-producing ovarian or adrenal tumor
  3. Cushing disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is vaginismus?

A

Involuntary contractions of muscles surrounding vaginal orifice during sex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can result from obstructed Skene glands?

A

Urethral diverticula (obstructed periurethral Skene glands can drain into urethra), leading to repeat UTIs.

24
Q

What presents with red glandular patches in the upper 1/3 of the vagina?
What is the cause?

A

Vaginal adenosis (sqaumous epithelium replaced with columnar)
DES exposure is the cause

25
Q

What presents with soft 1-5 cm cysts anterior to the upper vagina or lateral to the mid-vagina?
What is the treatment?

A

Gartner duct cysts (Wolffian duct remnants)
Uually no treatment required, may be excised if symptomatic

26
Q

What is cervical ectropion?

A

Mucinous columnar epithelium on the outside of the external os.
(Susceptible to trauma (postcoital spotting) and infection (HPV)

27
Q

What presents with a mucus-filled cysts on the surface of the cervix?
What is the treatment?

A

Nabothian cyst (blocked mucinous endocervical glands)
No treatment required (normal variant)

28
Q

How do estrogen and progesterone influence fibroids?

A

Estrogen stimulates smooth muscle proliferation.
Progesterone interferes with apoptosis.

29
Q

What contraceptive method is associated with decreased bone mineral density?

A

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)
(However, may regain BMD after stopping and no clear association with increased fractures)

30
Q

What are the contraindications for progesterone-only contraceptives?

A

Breast cancer and liver disease
(Unlike combined OCPs, can use in smokers, those with HTN, CAD, or CVD, and those with migraines.

31
Q

What reliable birth control is a good choice for someone with breast cancer or liver disease?

A

Copper IUD

32
Q

What percentage of patients undergoing myomectomy will need repeat surgery for fibroids?

A

25%

33
Q

How is the definitive diagnosis for adenomyosis made?

A

Post-hysterectomy pathology

34
Q

What presents with heavy, painful menses and an enlarged, “boggy” uterus?

A

Adenomyosis

35
Q

What is the treatment for endometrial polyps?

A

Removal with hysteroscopy or D&C (risk of cancer)

36
Q

What should the length of the endometrial stripe be in a postmenopausal woman?

A
37
Q

What test needs to be done on women with atypical glandular cells on pap smear?

A

Endometrial biopsy (as well as endocervical curettage I think)

38
Q

What is the most important factor for cancer risk on endometrial biopsy?

A

Cellular atypia (complex hyperplasia also a factor, but less important)
(Simple hyperplasia without atypia has 1% chance of progressing to cancer. Complex hyperplasia increases this to 3%, cellular atypia alone increases this to 8%, both together increases wirk to 29%).

39
Q

In general, how is endometrial hyperplasia without atypia treated? With atypia?

A

Without atypia: symptom management: continuous progestins, cyclic progestins, or combination OCPs
With atypia: hysterectomy preferred due to high cancer risk, if want to preserve fertility can use high dose progestins and close following

40
Q

How does Asherman syndrome present?

A

Irregular bleeding (metrorrhagia), amenorrhea, and/or dysmenorrhea.
(Intrauterine scarring and sometimes adhesions)

41
Q

What syndrome is associated with uterine adhesions after procedures like D&C or endometrial ablation?

A

Asherman syndrome (intrauterine scarring in denuded epithelium)

42
Q

What are the three types of functional ovarian cysts?

A

Follicular cyst (follicle that fails to rupture)
Corpus luteum cyst (corpus luteum fails to regress)
Theca lutein cyst (results from excessive HCG)

43
Q

What presents with large (e.g. 30 cm) bilateral fluid-filled ovarian cysts?

A

Theca lutein cysts
(These are the rarest functional ovarian cysts, result from excessive HCG such as with molar pregnancy or multiple gestations)

44
Q

What functional ovarian cysts are at risk for hemorrhage?

A

Corpus luteum cysts

45
Q

How are cystic adnexal masses managed in reproductive-age women? Postmenopausal women?

A

Reproductive age: observe if less than 8-10 cm, exploratory laparoscopy/laporatomy for ovarian cystectomy if larger. If smaller cyst persists >90 days, do same procedure.
Postmenopausal: any palpable cyst indicates exploratory laparoscopy/laparotomy for ovarian oopherectomy

46
Q

What ist he most common ovarian tumor?

A

Benign cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst)

47
Q

How are benign cystic teratomas treated?

A

Surgical excision due to risk of torsion and rupture

48
Q

What are the two most common types of ovarian epithelial neoplasms? Which is more common?

A

Serous tumors more common than mucinous tumors

49
Q

What percenate of serous ovarian tumors are malignant? Mucinous?

A

Serous: 20-25% malignant, 5-10% borderline
Mucinous: 15% malignant

50
Q

What type of ovarian epithelial neoplasm is associated with calcific concentric concretions? What are these concretions called?

A

Serous tumors associated with these psammoma bodies

51
Q

What type of ovarian epithelial neoplasm is associated with being extremely large?

A

Mucinous tumors

52
Q

What is a Brenner cell tumor?

A

Ovarian tumor that represents bladder transitional epithelium
(Brenner = Bladder)

53
Q

What are the three types of stromal cell tumor?

A

Granulosa-thecal cell: produces estrogen
Sertoli-Leydig cell: produces androgens
Ovarian fibroma: ovarian spindle cells, lots of collagen, does not produce hormone
(Fibrothecoma: mixed fibroma and thecal cell tumor)

54
Q

What presents with a benign ovarian tumor, ascites, and pleural effusion?
What is the treatment?

A

Meigs’ syndrome, usually associated with fibroma or fibrothcoma tumor, also may be Brenner tumor
Treatment: remove mass, effusion will resolve

55
Q

What presents with acute severe pelvic pain alternating with dull pain?
How is it diagnosed? What is the treatment?

A

Adnexal torsion
Diagnosis: ultrasound with doppler showing decreased flow
Treatment: surgical emergency, untwist mass, remove cyst/mass, remove ovary if necrotic.

Ob/Gyn (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions