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2.4 Physiology > Gut Peptides > Flashcards

Gut Peptides Flashcards

1
Q

What is the enteric endocrine system?

A

This is the collective term for the endocrine cells of the GIT, consisting for 30 hormones

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2
Q

What is the main function of the enteric endocrine system?

A

Regulate the GIT secretion and movement

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3
Q

What are the 3 categories of GIT hormones?

A

gastrin family
secretin family
others

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4
Q

Which hormones belong to the gastrin family?

A

gastrin
CCK

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5
Q

Which hormones belong to the secretin family?

A

secretin
glucagon-like peptide
vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
gastric inhibitory peptide

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6
Q

Which hormones belong to the other family?

A

peptide YY
ghrelin
motilin
somatostatin

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7
Q

Which cells produce gastrin?

A

G cells

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8
Q

What are the functions of gastrin?

A

Stimulates gastric acid, pepsin, insulin and histamine secretion
Promotes the growth of gastric mucosa and intestinal mucosa
Stimulates gastric motility
Stimulates the mass movement of the large intestine

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9
Q

Which tumour results in the secretion of high concentrations of gastrin?

A

Gastrinoma

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10
Q

What is the effect of high concentration of gastrin?

A

The high levels of gastrin stimulate acid release, leading to the stomach and small intestinal ulcers that may burst
High levels of stomach acid can also cause diarrhoea because the lining of the small intestine becomes damaged

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11
Q

What are the effects of low gastrin concentrations?

A

Increases the risk of infection within the gut, due to decreased mucosal proliferation of the stomach and small intestine
May limit the ability of the stomach to absorb nutrients

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12
Q

Which cells produce cholecystokinin?

A

I cells of duodenum and jejunum

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13
Q

What are the functions of CCK?

A

Stimulate contraction of the gall bladder to cause bile release
Stimulate pancreatic secretion rich in enzymes and augments secretin action
Inhibit gastric acid secretion and gastric motility
Delays gastric emptying

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14
Q

Which cells produce secretin?

A

S cells of the duodenum

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15
Q

What are the functions of secretin?

A

Stimulate pancreatic secretion rich of HCO3 and augments CCK action
Stimulates bile secretion
Reduces gastric acid secretion and gastric motility
Stimulates contraction of the pyloric sphincter

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16
Q

Which cells produce GIP?

A

K cells of the duodenum and jejunum

17
Q

What are the functions of gastric inhibitory peptide?

A

Inhibits gastric acid secretion and gastric motility
Enhances insulin release in response to infusions of glucose

18
Q

Which cells produce VIP?

A

Mucosal cells of jejunum

19
Q

What stimulates the secretion of GIP?

A

The presence of lipid in the duodenum

20
Q

What stimulates the secretion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide?

A

Ingestion of a fatty meal

21
Q

What are the functions of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide?

A

Stimulates intestinal secretion of electrolytes and water
Induces vasodilation to decrease blood pressure
Inhibits gastric secretion and GI motility
Inhibits absorption from the intestinal lumen
Induces relaxation of the LES, stomach and gall bladder

22
Q

Which cells produce GLP?

A

L cells of the small intestine and large intestine

23
Q

What are the types of glucagon-like peptide?

A

GLP-1
GLP-2
GLP-3

24
Q

What are the functions of glucagon-like peptide?

A

GLP-1 inhibits gastric secretion, gastric emptying, pancreatic secretion and also decreases food intake
GLP-2 stimulates proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells and increase digestion, absorption, and blood flow

25
Q

Which cells produce peptide YY?

A

L cells in the small intestine together with GLP-1

26
Q

What stimulates the release of peptide YY?

A

Presence of food (fats and proteins) in the GIT
Stimulated by digestive juices and CCK

27
Q

What are the functions of peptide YY?

A

Reduces appetite
Increases the feeling of satiety (fullness after eating)
Decreases GI motility

28
Q

What are effects of abnormally high peptide YY concentrations?

A

Decreases in appetite and food intake
It is associated with diseases where there is dramatic weight loss - anorexia nervosa and coeliac disease

29
Q

What is the effects of abnormally low peptide YY concentrations?

A

Increases appetite and food intake
It can be seen in obesity and before the onset of T2DM

30
Q

Which cells secrete somatostatin?

A

S cells of the GIT mucosa

31
Q

What are the functions of somatostatin?

A

It reduces gastric acid secretion and GI motility
Inhibits the secretion of gastrin, secretin, motility
Inhibits exocrine and endocrine pancreatic secretions

32
Q

What are the effects of abnormally high concentrations of somatstatin?

A

May result in the formation of gallstones
Intolerance to fat in the diet and diarrhoea

33
Q

Which cells produce motilin?

A

Mo cells mainly in the duodenum and jejunum

34
Q

What are the functions of motilin?

A

Stimulates the production of pepsin
Controls the inter-digestive migrating concentrations by the upper GIT
It sweeps the stomach and small intestine clear of undigested material to prepare for the next meal
It stimulates the stomach contraction and accelerates gastric emptying

35
Q

Which cells produce ghrelin?

A

Endocrine cells in the stomach

36
Q

When does the concentration of ghrelin increase?

A

It increases before eating or when fasting

37
Q

What are the functions of ghrelin?

A

Increases food intake
Stimulates appetite
Promotes fat storage

38
Q

What are effects of abnormally high concentrations of ghrelin?

A

Increased appetite and body weight gain
It is usually lower in people with higher body weight compared to lean people
Anorexia nervosa, which may be compensatory response to weight loss

39
Q

What are the effects of abnormally low concentrations of ghrelin?

A

Seen after gastric bypass surgery
Associated with weight loss

2.4 Physiology (7 decks)

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