Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardio Module > Gupta-- Heart failure > Flashcards

Gupta-- Heart failure Flashcards

1
Q

Define heart failure

A
  • failure of heart to pump enough blood to meet body’s needs… clinical syndrome caused by various pathologies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what specific symptoms are seen for HF

A
  1. impaired CO
  2. venous congestion
  3. fluid retention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 2 big categories of HF

A
  1. high demand –> high output but still an inadequate supply
  2. normal demand but there’s actually a problem with the output, so you have low supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define cardiac index

A

CO/surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what happens to vessels in high output HF

A
  • decrease in systemic vascular resistance (vasodilation in order to respond to decreased O2 and increased CO2
  • need increased SV and HR to increase CO and maintain MAP (still doesn’t work though in those with HF)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name three main causes of low output HF

A
  1. decrased cardiac output
  2. increased SVR
  3. Increased HR

2 and 3 is in response to try to increase CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 categories of low output HF

give definitional LVEF for each

A
  1. diastolic – filling problem EF greater than or equal to 40 percent)
  2. Systolic – pumping problem (LVEF < 40 percent)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the three main causes of diastolic HF? Systolic?

A

diastolic:

  1. Older
  2. female
  3. HTN

systolic:
1. idiopathic
2. ischemic (MAJORITY)
3. HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is main etiology of myocarditis

A

viral infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name three main categories of systolic heart failure

A
  1. right ventricular failure
  2. left ventricular failure
  3. biventricular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give two main problems in right ventricular failure and examples

A
  1. volume overload (atrial septal defect, anomalous pulmonary venous return)
  2. pressure overload (cor pulmonale– chronic; pulmonary embolism – acute)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are major criteria for CHF

A
  1. paroxysmal nocturnal dsypnea
  2. increased CVP (> 16 cm H20)
    - check JVD and hepatojgular reflux
  3. rales
  4. cardiomegaly on CXR
  5. acute PE
  6. weight loss > 4.5 kg after treatment
  7. S3 gallop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define cardiomegaly on CXR

A
  • ratio of maximal horizontal cardiac diameter to maximal horizontal thoracic diameter

normal is <0.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name minor criteria for CHF

A
  1. bilateral lower extremity edema
  2. nocturnal cough
  3. hepatomegaly
  4. tachycardia
  5. pleural effusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you need to fulfill framingham criteria to diagnose CHF

A

2 major or 1 major + 2 minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Physical exam for high output heart failure

A
  • traube’s sign
  • quincke’s pulse
  • wide pulse pressure
  • bounding pulses
  • hyperkinetic heart
  • warm extremities
17
Q

clinical appearance of low output heart failure

A
  1. coughing
  2. tiredness/SOB
  3. plerual effusion
  4. ascites
  5. peripheral edema
  6. pulmonary edema
  7. because of starling curve, heart can’t even pump well
18
Q

labs to order to find out etiology of HF

A
  1. CMP
  2. CBC
  3. urinanalysis
  4. TSH
  5. Fasting lipid profile
  6. anemia studies (B1, folate… beriberi)
  7. BNP
  8. troponin
19
Q

what are some etiologies of HF

A
  1. HIV
  2. hemochromatosis (iron gets in and causes difficulty contracting)
  3. rheumatologic diseases
  4. amyloidosis
20
Q

what is swan ganz catheter and what is it used for?

A
  • pulmonary artery catheter… giving estimate of left atrial pressure, while also testing blood here to see oxygen saturation…
  • determine CO
21
Q

What are TTE’s good for?

A
  • determining ejection fraction (to see if you have high output normal EF or high output reduced EF)
  • wall motion
  • valvular problem?
  • wall thickness
22
Q

indications of endomyocardial biopsy

A
  • Unexplained new onset of HF associated with ventricular arrythimas and/or heart block
  • Failure to respond within 1-2 weeks of treatment
23
Q

when do you think giant cell myocarditis

how do you treat?

A
  • acute exacerbation of HF with arrythmia

- treat with high doses of steroids

24
Q

what patient population is especially susceptible to low output HF

A
  • elderly
25
Q

prognosis of low output heart failure

A
  • 50% of patients dx with CHF will be dead in 5 years
26
Q

describe progression of heart failure

A
  • series of acute events followed by decreased function.. until they finally lose too much myocardial function
27
Q

which carries worse prognosis, HFpEF or HFrEF

A

SAME

Cardio Module (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions