Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Week 11 BT > GU Systems Histology > Flashcards

GU Systems Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is contained in the hilum of the kidney?

A
  1. Renal Vessels
  2. Nerves
  3. Renal Pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What constitutes a lobe of the kidney?

A

Meduallary pyramid with overlying cortex plus 1/2 of the renal column on each side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T or F: a major calyx is formed anytime two minor calyces join

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where do minor calyces begin?

A

at the renal papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the jobs of the kidneys

A
  • Remove waste from the blood
  • Regulate: electrolytes, plasma volume, blood pressure
  • Produce hormones: Erythropoietin, Renin, activation of vit. D

** ALL of these functions are performed by nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does erythropoietin regulate?

A
  • Regulates red-blood cell formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does renin do?

A
  • involved in control of BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does a nephron consist of?

A
  1. Renal Corpuscle and its tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What part of the kidney actually filters blood?

A

Renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T or F: collecting ducts are part of the nephron

A

FALSE, collecting ducts are NOT part of the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tubules extend between what two structures?

A

-Corpuscles and collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What filters the blood and produces urine?

A

The nephron - its the functional unit of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 parts of the nephron and their subparts?

A

Proximal Thick Segment

  1. Prox. convoluted Tubule
  2. Prox. Straight Tubule

Thin Segment
1. Thin Limb

Distal Thick Segment

  1. Medullary Thick Ascending Limb
  2. Cortical thick Ascending Limb
    - MACULA DENSA
  3. Distal Convoluted Tubule
  4. Connecting segment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What three parts of the nephron make of the Loop of Henle?

A
  1. Proximal Straight Tubule
  2. Thin Limb
  3. Meduallry Thick Ascending Limb

***Not that the loop of Henle contains contributions from all 3 major segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Distal Nephron tubule distal to?

A

macula densa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the job of the collecting ducts?

- are they part of the nephron?

A
  • Collecting ducts move urine from nephron tubules to renal papillae
  • COLLECTING DUCTS ARE NOT PART OF THE NEPHRON
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What two parts make up the collecting duct?

A
  • Cortical Collecting Duct

- Medullary Collecting Duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Compare the lumen of a proximal tubule to that of a distal tubule.

A

Proximal:
Star-Shaped lumen and brush border

Distal:
Rounded with sharper luminal surface of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Compare the diameter of proximal tubules to distal tubules.

A

Proximal:
Larger

Distal:
Smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Compare the LENGTH of proximal tubules to distal tubules.

A

Proximal tubules are TWICE as long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

You are observing a cortical labyrinth, what will most of the cells in it be?

A

Proximal Tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T or F: Collecting ducts have diameters comparable to that of distal tubules.

A

False, these are larger, they collect from many proximal tubules

  • Their diameter is closer to that of a proximal tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which displays a larger number of nuclei collecting ducts or proximal tubules?

A

Collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Compare the wall of a collecting duct to that of a proximal tubule.

A

Collecting ducts have smaller cuboidal cells in their walls (this gives the appearance of having more nuclei)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the epithelium of thin limbs made of?

A
  • Low cubiodal or simple squamous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the connective tissue of the kidney parenchyma?

A

Interstitium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where can the interstitium be found in the kidney?

A

Surrounding the nephrons, ducts, blood, and lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does the amount of interstitium change as you move towards the medulla.

A

It more than doubles in amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the cellular difference in the interstitium from the cortex to the medulla?

A

Cortex:
Fibroblasts and Macrophages

Medulla:
Cells resemble Myofibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where can interstitial cells in the medulla be found?

A
  • In long axes of tubular structures

- Play a role in compressing them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What filters the blood in the kidney, what is produced as a result of this filtering?

A
  • Renal Corpuscle filters blood and creates ultrafiltrate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does blood enter and exit the the renal corpuscle?

A

Enters via Afferent arteriole

Exits via Efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the components of the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus - Capillary ball
Bowman’s capsule - Parietal (outer wall) and visceral layers (on capillary)
Urinary space - between parietal and visceral layers

35
Q

Where can mesangial cells be found and what do they do?

A
  • Can be found surrounding capillaries

- Phagocytose, structural support, secrete substances

36
Q

What important substance is secreted from mesangial cells?

A

Interleukin I - platelet derive growth factor used for REPAIR of the Glomerulus

37
Q

What are the 3 types of nephrons?

- Describe differences among their loops of Henle.

A
  1. Cortical - Short Loop of Henle
  2. Juxtamedullary - Long Loop of Henle
  3. Intermediate - Intermediate Loop of Henle
38
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the cortex?

- what do they consist of

A

Cortical Labyrinths (all the tortuous structures):
Renal corpuscles
Proximal Convoluted tubules
Distal Convoluted Tubules

Medullary Rays (all the straight stuctures):
Staight and ascending tubules
collecting ducts

39
Q

What is the position of medullary rays?

A

between two cortical labyrinths

40
Q

What section of the cortex could straight and ascending tubules along with collecting ducts be found?

A

In the medullary rays between cortical labyrinths

*Notice the ray consists of all the straight stuctures as the name implies

41
Q

In terms of rays and labyrinths what does a lobule consist of?

A
  • 1/2 of a labyrinth

- 1 entire ray

42
Q

What structures will you see when looking at kidney medulla tissue?

A
  • Loop of Henle only (consists of proximal straight tubule, thin limb, and distal straight tubule)
43
Q

T or F: the kidney receives 1/4 of the cardiac output

A

True

44
Q

Where does most of the blood in the kidney go?

A

To the cortex

45
Q

Describe the arterial branching pattern in the kidney.

A
  1. Renal a.
  2. Interlobar a.
  3. arcuate a.
  4. Interlobular a.
  5. Afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> Efferent arterioles
  6. Peritubular capillaries
46
Q

Where does the arteriole rectae come from?

A

Efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli (these are deeper)

47
Q

What marks the boundaries of lobules on histological sections?

A

Interlobular a.

48
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the nephron and where do these occur?

A

Filtration - renal corpuscle (to make ultrafiltrate)
Reabsorption - proximal convoluted tubule (get back electrolytes and glucose)
Secretion - tubules (ions and NH3 get peed out)

49
Q

T or F: Bowman’s capsule is the filtration apparatus of the renal corpuscle

A

FALSE, Bowman’s capsule is just a capsule the filtration apparatus is contained in the glomerulus

50
Q

Where does ultrafiltrate exit Bowman’s capsule.

A

at the urinary pole

51
Q

What are the 3 parts of the filtration apparatus in the glomerulus?

A
  1. Fenestrated Endothelium (capillary)
  2. Glomerular basement membrane
    - Basement membrane of glomerulus
    - Basement membrane of podocytes
52
Q

What interdigitates around glomerular capillaries?

A
  • Podocytes
53
Q

What is created by the spaces left between the feet of the podocyte and what spans these structures?

A
  • Filtration slits

- Filtration slit membrane spans between each “foot”

54
Q

Describe the endothelium of the capillaries in the filtration apparatus in terms of number and size of fenestrations.

A

Fenestations are larger and more numerous

55
Q

What in the filtration apparatus restricts the movement of particles on the basis of size?

A

The basal lamina - albumin and hemoglobin cannot pass through

56
Q

What is the ultimate barrier that restricts molecules based on size in the filtration apparatus?

A

Lamina Densa

57
Q

What molecules are allowed to pass through the lamina densa?

A
  1. neutral proteins under 70,000 Da

- charged particles typically won’t pass

58
Q

Does albumin usually appear in urine.

A

NO, this is indicative of pathology

59
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome and what disease is it often associated with this?

A
  • Proteinurea - thicker than normal basal lamina but its still leaky
  • Hypoalbuminemia - albumin is osmoregulatory so peeing is out leads to low BP (no blood getting pulled back into capillaries)
  • Edema - caused by low colloidal BP

**Seen in diabetes mallitis patients

60
Q

How do reabsorbed particles make their way back into circulation from renal tubules where they get reabsorbed?

A

They go into the peritubular capillaries to reenter circulation

61
Q

How are ions and drugs exceted into the urine?

A

Peritubular capillaries release the material into the tubules (into provisional urine)

62
Q

Where does most reabsorption occur in the greatest proportions?

A

In peritubular capillaries surrounding the proximal convoluted tubules

63
Q

Where does secretion occur in the greastest proportions?

A

In the thin limb and distal tubules

64
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

  • Where is it located?
  • What does it include?
A
  • Located in the split between afferent and efferent arterioles
    Includes:
  • Macula densa (arteriole side, part of distal tubule)
  • Juxtaglomerular cells (attached to both arterioles)
  • Mesangial cells (fill the spaces between the arterioles)
65
Q

What is an important task of the juxtaglomerular appartus?

A
  • regulates blood pressure
66
Q

How do macula densa cells differ from other cells in the distal tubule?
- What do they do?

A

They are narrower and taller

- Monitor Na+ concentration

67
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells made of and what do they do?

A
  • Specialized SMOOTH MUSCLE cells of the efferent and afferent arterioles
  • activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system when Na+ or BP is low
68
Q

What is the relationship between juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa cells?

A

Macula densa sense the environment and tell the JG cells when to release renin

69
Q

What is the only part of the extretory passage not lined by transitional epithelium (aka uroepithelium)?

A

The lower part of the urethra

70
Q

What layering of every tissue except the urethra?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. THIN submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Adventitia (or serosa)

***ABSENCE OF THE MUSCULARIS MUCOSA IN URINARY PASSAGEs

71
Q

What lines the lower part of the urethra?

A

Stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium

72
Q

What is the arrangement of the muscularis in the ureter?

- What do these do?

A
  1. Inner longitudinal
  2. Middle circular
  3. Outer longitudinal (only distal end of ureter)
  • Peristalic contractions to contribute to urine flow
73
Q

How is the muscularis different in the bladder from the ureter?

A

Its thicker

74
Q

T or F: the bladder has adventitia all the way around

A

False, it has serosa on the superior side

75
Q

Which has more microvilli, proximal convoluted tubule or proximal straight tubule and why?

A

Proximal convoluted because it is more involved in absorption

76
Q

What part of the kidney nephron contains macula densa cells?

A

THICK CORTICAL ASCENDING LIMB

77
Q

Where can proximal tubules be found?

A

These are anything before the macula densa

78
Q

Where is urine concentrated?

A

loop of Henle

79
Q

What structures empty into the minor calyx?

A

Ducts of Bellini

80
Q

what is the area cribosa?

A

portion of apex at papilla pierced by 10-20 ducts of bellini

81
Q

What type of tube forming cell in the kidney presents with a halo around the nucleus?

A

Collecting duct cell

82
Q

T or F: podocytes are part of the visceral layer Bowman’s capsule

A

True

83
Q

T or F: Juxtaglomerular cells detect and respond to low blood volume

A

True

Anatomy Week 11 BT (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions