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GU2 - Urology > GU Phys 1 > Flashcards

GU Phys 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What structure is a continuation of the renal pelvis?

A

ureter

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2
Q

ureter

  • size
  • location
A
  • 6mm D
  • 25 cm L
  • descends retroperitoneal to bladder base
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3
Q

layers of the ureter

A
  • inner mucosa
  • muscularis (circular and longitudinal smooth muscle)
  • adventitia
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4
Q

what type of epithelium is the inner mucosa of the ureter?

A

transitional

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5
Q

what action moves urine in the ureters?

A

peristaltic waves

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6
Q

what is the relationship between contraction of ureter and volume of urine?

A
  • contraction matches rate and volume of urine formation
  • there is local autoregulation of contraction
  • distention increases contraction
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7
Q

urinary bladder

A
  • midline
  • muscular sac
  • retroperitoneal
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8
Q

trigone

A

-trianglular anatomical region at the base of the bladder

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9
Q

what are the layers of the bladder? (3)

A
  • mucosa (still transitional epi)
  • muscular
  • adventitia
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10
Q

what muscle makes up the muscular layer of the bladder?

A

detrusor

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11
Q

bladder location

  • female
  • male
A
  • female: anterior to uterus and vagina

- male: anterior to rectum, superior to prostate

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12
Q

condition of the bladder when empty

A

pyramidal rugal folds

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13
Q

condition of the bladder when filling

A

expands, pear shape, moves anteriorly

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14
Q

condition of the bladder when full

A
  • 10cm L
  • 500 mL
  • urine if formed continuously but held until release is convenient
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15
Q

female urethra

  • length
  • location
A
  • 3-4 cm

- meatus inferior to clitoris, anterior to vaginal introitus

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16
Q

length of male urethra

A

20 cm

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17
Q

internal urethral sphincter

  • where
  • type of control
A
  • proximal end of urethra

- involuntary

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18
Q

external urethral sphincter

  • where
  • type of control
A
  • surrounds urethra passing through pelvic floor

- voluntary

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19
Q

when is the reflex arc activated for micturition?

A

-at 200 ml

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20
Q

afferent neural control of micturition (aka urine-ing)

A
  • to sacral spinal region

- to cerebrum to sense need to void

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21
Q

efferent neural control of micturition

A
  • via PNS pelvic splanchnic nerves
  • to detrusor smooth muscle = contract
  • to internal urethral sphincter = relax
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22
Q

when neural control of the bladder is activated and it’s convenient, what happens?

A

-bladder is emptied through voluntary relaxation of external urethra sphincter

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23
Q

What happens if neural control of bladder is activated but unheeded?

A
  • reflex bladder contractions subside
  • urine continues to accumulate
  • at additional 200-300 mL, micturition reflex occurs
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24
Q

urochrome

A
  • aka urobilinogen

- from Hb breakdown

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25
Q

scrotum

A
  • exterior pouch, pigmented skin, sparse hair

- midline septum makes 2 compartments

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26
Q

what is a major function of the scrotum?

A

maintain testes at optimum temp

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27
Q

dartos muscle

A
  • sm muscle in superficial layer

- wrinkles the scrotal skin

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28
Q

cremaster muscle

A

-muscle bands which elevate the testes

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29
Q

testes

A
  • paired
  • oval shaped
  • 4 cm L x 2.5 cm W
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30
Q

tunica vaginalis of testes

A
  • outer layer
  • derived from peritoneum
  • parietal and visceral layers
31
Q

tunica albuginea of testes

A
  • fibrous connective tissue capsule
  • septal extensions create lobules
  • each lobule contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules
32
Q

what is the site of spermatogenesis?

A

seminiferous tubules

33
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

-highly convoluted
-conduct sperm from testes
-

34
Q

what cells are contained in in the seminferous tubules?

A

interstitial cells of Leydig :

-exterior to tubules

35
Q

what do the interstitial cells of Leydig secrete?

A

testosterone

36
Q

What 2 cell types are contained with in the walls of the testes…. kiwi… ?

A
  • germ cells

- sertoli cells

37
Q

germ cells contain ?

A

spermatogonia

38
Q

sertoli cells

A
  • lg, glycogen containing cells
  • from basal lamina to lumen
  • tight junctions b/w cells
  • forms blood-testis barrier
  • immune avoidance
39
Q

blood supply to the testes

A
  • testicular arteries

- testicular veins

40
Q

testicular arteries arise from what?

A

abdominal aorta

41
Q

testicular veins

A
  • form a tortuous network
  • called the pampiniform complex
  • surrounds testicular a.
  • acts as a countercurrent heat exchanger
42
Q

spermatic cord

A
  • fibrous connective tissue sheath
  • connects testes to pelvic cavity
  • pathway for vessels, nerves and vas deferns
43
Q

what is the epidiymis?

A

a highly coiled tube, 6m (20f)

44
Q

head of the epididymis

A
  • caps superior aspect of testis
  • receives sperm
  • from efferent ductules
45
Q

body and tail of epididymis

A

posterolateral to testis

46
Q

functions of the epididymis

A
  • sperm maturation and storage
  • 20 day process
  • smooth muscle contraction propels sperm forward
47
Q

location of the vas deferens

A
  • palpated anterior to the pubic bone
  • arches deep to ureter
  • descends along posterior aspect of bladder
48
Q

vas deferens purpose

A

-conducts sperm during ejaculation from epididymis toward pelvic cavity through inguinal canal

49
Q

the terminus of the vas deferens

A
  • expands to form ampulla

- joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

50
Q

peristaltic activity of the vas deferens

A

thick layers of smooth muscles create peristaltic waves for sperm movement

51
Q

the urethra conducts what 2 things?

A
  • urine

- semen

52
Q

3 regions of the urethra

A
  • prostatic
  • membranous
  • penile
53
Q

prostatic urethra

A
  • exiting bladder

- surrounded by prostate

54
Q

membranous urethra

A

passes through urogenital diaphragm

55
Q

penile urethra

A
  • passes through penis

- terminates at external urethral meatus

56
Q

internal urethral sphincter

  • where
  • muscle type
  • fxn
A
  • at junction of inferior bladder and proximal urethra
  • smooth muscle, involuntary
  • contraction prevents urine release during ejaculation
57
Q

external urethra sphincter

  • where
  • muscle type
  • fxn
A
  • at membranous prostate
  • skeletal muscle, voluntary
  • controls release of urine
58
Q

where are the seminal vesicles?

A
  • posterior wall of bladder

- bilateral, 5-7 cm

59
Q

what amount of semen comes from the seminal vesicles?

A

60%

60
Q

what do the seminal vesicles empty to?

A

vas deferens at ejaculation

61
Q

what is the composition of semen at the seminal vesicles?

A
  • yellowish, viscous, alkaline fluid
  • fructose and glucose
  • buffers
  • ascorbic acid
  • PG
  • semenogelin
62
Q

what is semenogelin

A
  • protein that coagulates semen

- protects sperm and prevents capacitation

63
Q

where is the prostate gland

A
  • posterior to bladder
  • palpated through anterior rectal wall
  • encircles upper part of urethra
64
Q

semen volume in the prostate

A

25-30%

65
Q

action at prostate during ejaculation

A

-empties to prostatic urethra when smooth muscle contracts

66
Q

prostatic secretions

A
  • acid phosphatase
  • citric acid
  • fibrinolysin
  • fertility promoting peptide (FPP)
  • prostate specific antigen (PSA)
  • zinc
67
Q

function of PSA

A

hydrolyze semenogelin to liquify semen

68
Q

zinc

A

stabilizes chromatin

69
Q

bulbourethral glands (aka Cowper’s glands)

A
  • bilateral, pea size
  • inferior to prostate
  • produce thick clear mucus and glucose
  • pre ejaculate that empties to penile urethra
70
Q

function of the pre ejaculate secreted by the bulbourethral glands

A

lubrication and neutralize urine

71
Q

ejaculatory fluid + sperm = ?

A

semen

72
Q

make up of semen

A
  • 2.5-3.5 mL
  • 100 million sperm / mL
  • ph: 7.3-7.6
  • analyzed for sperm count, motility, morpholgy
73
Q

what is the result if there is 20-40 million sperm/mL ?

A

50% infertile

74
Q

what is the sperm count cut off that classifies as sterile?

A

<20 million sperm/mL

GU2 - Urology (10 decks)

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