GU-LC Exam-prep flashcards set:2
1
Q
Method which researchers show babies an expected event (one that follows physical laws) and an unexpected event (variation of the first event that violates physical laws). Baby is “surprised” by the deviation from physical reality and the aspect of the physical word
A
Violation of expectation method
2
Q
A recessive gene is carried on the X chromosome so that males are more likely than females to be affected
(Pattern of inheritance)
A
x-linked inheritance
3
Q
An individuals genetic makeup
Distinguishes from phenotype
A
Genotype
4
Q
Increased gender stereotyping of attitude, behaviour and movement (traditional gender identity in early adolescence)
A
Gender Intensification
5
Q
A model that describes how favourable adjustment depends on an effective match, or good fit, between a child’s temperament and the child-rearing environment
A
Goodness-of-fit model
6
Q
Set of explanations about the availability of attachment figures and the likelihood that they will provide support in times of stress
A
Internal working model
7
Q
Score that permits an individual’s performance on an intelligence test to be compared to others of the same age
A
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
8
Q
Dynamic systems that assumes development is lifelong (multidimensional and multi-directional interacting forces)
A
Lifespan perspective
9
Q
Internal depiction of information that the mind can manipulate (images and concepts)
A
Mental representation
10
Q
The organ that permits exchange of nutrients and waste products between the bloodstream of mother and embryo (prevents mothers blood from mixing directly)
A
Placenta
11
Q
An inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation
A
Reflex
12
Q
Following habituation, an increase in responsiveness to a new stimulus
A
Recovery
13
Q
The infants broad grin, evoked by the parents communication, that first appears between 6-10 wks old
A
Social smile
14
Q
Emotions involving injury to or enhancement of the sense of self, including guilt, shame, envy and pride
A
Self-conscious emotions
15
Q
Term used to describe middle-aged adults who must care for the multiple generations above and below them at the same time
A
Sandwich generation
16
Q
Fear of being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance
A
Stereotype threat
17
Q
Feelings of concern or sorrow for another’s plight
A
Sympathy
18
Q
Early-appearing, stable individual differences in a reactivity (quickness and intensity of emotional arousal) and self regulation
A
Temperament
19
Q
Begin reading instructions that exposes children to text in it’s complete form, using reading materials that are whole and meaningful
A
Whole-language approach
20
Q
Gender typing that explains how environmental pressures and children’s cognition’s work together to shape gender role
(Information processing approach)
A
Gender schema theory
21
Q
Pattern of inheritance which alleles are imprinted (or chemically marked) in a way that one pair member is activated, regardless of makeup
A
Genomic imprinting
22
Q
Formal operational problem-solving strategy which adolescents begin to make predictions (hypothesis) about variables that might affect an outcome
A
Hypothetico-deduction reasoning
23
Q
Resolved positively when adolescents achieve an identity through a process of exploration and inner soul-searching
(Erikson Psychological - Conflict of adolescence )
A
Identity v role confusion
24
Q
Adolescents belief that they are the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern
A
Imaginary audience
25
Attributes success to external factors, such as luck and failure to low ability, which is fixed and cannot be improved through effort
Learned helplessness
| Distinguished from mastery-oriented attributions
26
The end of menstruation and therefore, of a woman's productive capacity
Menapause
27
(Kohlberg) Highest level of moral develpoment
Postconventional level
28
A form of arthritis which an autoimmune response leads to inflammation of connective tissue (membranes that line the joints and overall stiffness)
Rheumatoid arthritis
29
Judgement of one's own appearance, abilities and behaviour in relation to those of others
Social compassions
30
A type of memory that involves noticing whether a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced
Recognition
| Distinguished from recall
31
Infants expression of fear in response to unfamiliar adults (within their first year)
Stranger anxiety
32
A qualitative change in thinking, feeling and behaving that characterises a specific period of development
Stage
33
Loss of synapses by seldom-stimulated nueurons, process that returns them to an uncommitted state so they can support future development
Synaptic pruning
34
The 23rd pair of chromosomes, which determines the sex of the individuals (Females = XX, Males = XY)
Sex chromosomes
35
Behaviour pattern characterised by extreme competitiveness, ambition, impatience,hostility, angry outburst and a sense of time pressure
Type A (behaviour pattern)
36
Capacity made up of cognitive and personality traits (ability to reflect on and apply knowledge in ways that make life more bearable and worthwhile, emotional maturity)
Wisdom
37
Newly fertilised cell formed the the union of sperm and ovum at conception
Zygote
38
Intense physical and psychological distress following the death of a loved one
Grief
39
Cells that are responsible for myelination of neural fibres, improving the efficiency of message transfer
Glial cells
40
The idea that heredity influences the environments to which individuals are exposed
Gene-environment correlation
41
A pattern of inheritance which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait (or one that is intermediate between the 2)
Incomplete dominance
42
A child whose temperament is such that he or she reacts negatively to and withdraws from novel stimuli.
Inhibited or shy child
| Distinguished from uninhabited or sociable child
43
White, downy hair that covers the entire body of the fetus, helping the vermix stick to the skin
Lanugo
44
The process of cell division through which gametes are formed and the number of chromosomes in each cell is halved
Meiosis
45
Problem solving that requires people to size up real-world situations and analyse them. (high degree of uncertainty)
Practical problem solving
46
Parents' mutual support of each other's parenting behaviours
Co-parenting
47
A field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature v nurture
Behaviour genetics
48
Adolescencts sence of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual. Relying on oneself and less on parents and well reasoned decision making
Autonomy
49
Cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operational stage
Postformal thought
50
An unbiased procedure for assigning participants to treatment conditions in an experiment, such as drawing numbers out of a hat or flipping a coin
Random assignment
51
Capacity to analyse the speech stream for regularly occurring sound and sequences (infants acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later learn meanings)
Statistical learning capacity
52
Piaget's first stage spanning for the first 2 years of life
Sensorimotor stage
53
An infants's distressed reaction to the departure of the familiar caregiver
Separation anxiety
54
Very long-term recall
Remote memory
55
Openness of development to change in response to influential experiences
Plasticity
56
Research method in which the researcher goes into the field (natural environment) and records behaviours of interest
```
Naturalistic observation
(Distinguished from structured observation)
```
57
(Piaget) Internal rearrangement and linking together of schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system (improve recall)
Organisation
58
Physical feature that involves reproductive organs (ovaries, uterus, vagina = females; penis, scrotum and testicles = males)
(Distinguished from secondary sexual characteristics)
Primary sexual characteristics
59
Strategy for managing emotions that involves appraising the situation as changeable (identifying difficulty)
(Distinguished from emotion-centred coping)
Problem-centred coping
60
(Labouvie-Vief) Structure advance in thinking in adulthood, which logic becomes a tool for solving problems (including contradictions accepted as part of existence)
Pragmatic thought
61
Genetically influenced age-related declines in the functioning of organs and systems that affect all members of our species. (Biological ageing)
(Distinguished from secondary ageing)
Primary ageing
62
Located at the base of the brain and releases hormones that include physical growth
Pituitary gland
63
Love based on intense sexual attraction.
| Distinguished from compassionate love
Passionate love
64
Mental presentations of familiar large-scale spaces, such as neighbourhood or school
Cognitive maps
65
The capacity of various parts of the cerebral cortex to take over functions of damaged regions. Decline as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralise
Brain plasticity
66
(Freud) An approach to personality development that assumes people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
Psychoanatytic perspective
67
A condition that arises when the Rh protein is present in the fetus's blood but not in the mothers, causing the mother to build up antibodies. (Can reduce oxygen supply to organ and tissues of fetus, if these enter the blood stream)
Rh factor incompatibility
68
Set of strategies used by older adults who sustain high levels of functioning (Narrowing their goals, prioritise personally valued activities to preserve diminishing energy) Find new ways of compensating for energy losses
Selective optimisation with compensation
69
Customs determined solely by consensus within a society (table manners/politeness rituals)
Distinguished from moral imperative and matters of personal choice
Social conventions
70
A child whose temperament is characterised by inactivity; mild, low-key reactions to environment stimuli; negative mood; slow adjustment to new experiences
(Distinguished from easy child and difficult child)
Slow to warm up child
71
The make-believe with others that is under way by the end of the 2nd year ad increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood
Sociodramatic play
72
Older adults' heightened autobiographical memory for events that occurred between ages 10 and 30
Reminiscence bump
73
Children who receive praise may gain positive votes of self-report measures of peer acceptance, indicating they are well liked.
(Distinguished from rejected, controversial and neglected children)
Popular children
74
View that attributes aged-related slowing of cognitive processing to break in neural networks as neurons die. Brain adapts by forming bypasses (new synaptic connections) that go around the breaks but less efficient
(Distinguished from information-loss view
Neural network view
75
Severe age-related bones loss, which greatly magnifies the risk of bone fractures
Oesteoporosis
76
Care for the terminally ill, suffering patients that relieves pain and other symptoms (nausea, breathing difficulties, insomnia and depression) Goal: protect the patients quality of remaining life rather than prolong life
Palliative or comfort care
77
A form of limited social participation in which a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behaviour.
(Distinguished from nonsocial, associative and cooperative play)
Parallel play
78
The practice of withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, permitting a patient to die naturally
(Distinguished from voluntary active euthanasia)
Passive euthanasia
79
Ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language, as indicated by sensitivity to changes in sound within words (rhyming and incorrect pronunciation) A strong predictor or emergent literacy knowledge
Phonological awareness
80
(Piaget) 2nd stage of cognitive development. Extending about 2 to 7yrs, which a child undergoes an extraordinary increase in representation or symbolic activity (Not yet logical)
Preoperational stage
81
Actions that benefit another person without by expectation reward for self
Prosocial or altruistic behaviour
82
A group of 5 or 7 members who are friends and usually resemble on another in family background attitudes and values
Clique
83
Emotions such as happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness ad disgust (universal in humans and other primates) evolutionary history f promoting survival
Basic emotion
84
Inadequate oxygen supply
Anoxia
85
Ability to think through a series of steps in a problem and the mentally reverse direction returning to starting point
(Distinguished from irreversibility)
Reversibility
86
Attachment patterns characterising infants who remain close to the parent and fail to explore before separation (distressed when parents leaves, clinginess with angry resistive behaviour
(Distinguished from secure, avoidant and disorganised/disoriented attachment)
Resistant attachment
87
Set of attributes, abilities, attitudes and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is
Self concept
88
A specific psychological structure or organised way of making sense of experience that changes with age
Scheme (Piaget)
89
Patterns characterising infants who use the parent as a secure base from which to explore (may become stressed by parental separation) actively seek contact and easily comforted by parent on their return
(Distinguished from avoidant,resistant and disorganised/disorientated attachment)
Secure attachment
90
The gaps between neurons, across which chemical messages are sent
Synapses
91
Region of the cerebral cortex (frontal lobe) controlling body movement and thought
Prefrontal cortex
92
Subgroup of popular children who combine academic and social competence
(Distinguished from popular-antisocial children)
Popular-prosocial children
93
Age-related declines due to hereditary effects of environmental influences (poor diet, lack of exercise, disease, substance abuse, environment pollution and psychological stress)
(Distinguished from primary ageing)
Secondary ageing
94
Individuals directly observable physical and behavioural characteristics and determine environmental and genetic factors
(Distinguished from genotypes)
Phenotype
95
Psychological distress resulting from conflict between an individuals's minority culture and the host culture
Acculturative stress
96
The amount of energy the body uses at complete rest
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
97
A destructive form of peer interaction which certain children become frequent targets of verbal and physical attacks or other forms of abuse
Peer victimisation
98
Parental behaviours that intrude on and manipulate children's verbal expressions, individuality and attachment to parents
Psychological control
99
Collective of peers who generate unique values and standards for behaviour and a social structure of leaders and followers
Peer group
100
(Erikson) Emphasises that in each Freudian stage, individuals not only develop a unique personality but also acquire attitudes and skills that make the active, contributing to society. Lifespan nature of development and impact of culture
Psychosocial theory
101
The mathematical principle specific order of relationships (more and less than) between quantities
Ordinality
102
Adjusting support to the learner to fit their current level of performance. Direct instruction is offered when a task is new: less help is provided and provided as competence increases (keeping task within zone of proximal development)
Scaffolding
103
(SIDS) The unexpected death (usually during the night) of infant under 1 year that remains unexplained after thorough investigation
Sudden infant death syndrome
104
Period of vocational development which older adolescents and young adults narrow their vocational options, engaging in exploration before focusing on a general category later, settling on a single occupation
(Distinguished from fantasy period and tentative period)
Realistic period
105
Bell shaped distribution that results when individual differences are measured in large samples. Most core cluster around the mean, or average, with the progressively fewer falling toward the extremes
Normal distribution
106
A greater than 20% increase over healthy body weight, based on body mass index, a ration of weight and height associated with body fat
Obesity
107
The temporal dimension of self-concept
| Future-oriented representations of what one hopes to become and what one is afraid of becoming.
Possible selves
108
An approach to begin reading instruction that emphasises coaching children on phonics (basic rules for translating written symbols into sound) before exposing them to complex reading materials
(Distinguished from the whole-language approach)
Phonic approach
109
Adolescents' inflated opinion of their own importance (feeling they are special and unique)
Personal fable
110
Age related hearing impairment (beginning around 50) noticeable decline i sensitivity to high-frequency sounds and gradually extends to all frequencies
Presbycusis
111
Physical features visible on the outside of the body that serve as signs of sexual maturity but do not involve the reproductive organs (i.e. Breast development females and pubic hair in both sexes)
(Distinguished from primary sexual characteristics)
Secondary sexual characteristics
112
Process of telling stories about people and events from the past and reporting associated thoughts and feelings
Reminiscence
113
Ageing to which gains are maximised and losses are minimised
Optimal ageing
114
An organised pattern of physical growth that proceeds from the centre of the body outward
(Distinguished from cephalocaudal trend)
Proximodistal trend
115
(Kohlberg) First level of moral development in which children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences. (Behaviours that result in punishment are bad, behaviours rewarded are good)
Preconventional level
116
(Piaget) 3rd stage of cognitive development extending from 7 to 11yr, thought becomes logic, flexible organised in its application to concrete information (capacity and abstract thinking not yet present)
Concrete operational stage
117
Type of memory that involves remembering something that is not present
(Distinguished from recognition)
Recall
