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Lifespan Development GU-LC > GU-LC Exam-prep flashcards set:2 > Flashcards

GU-LC Exam-prep flashcards set:2

1
Q

Method which researchers show babies an expected event (one that follows physical laws) and an unexpected event (variation of the first event that violates physical laws). Baby is “surprised” by the deviation from physical reality and the aspect of the physical word

A

Violation of expectation method

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2
Q

A recessive gene is carried on the X chromosome so that males are more likely than females to be affected
(Pattern of inheritance)

A

x-linked inheritance

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3
Q

An individuals genetic makeup

Distinguishes from phenotype

A

Genotype

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4
Q

Increased gender stereotyping of attitude, behaviour and movement (traditional gender identity in early adolescence)

A

Gender Intensification

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5
Q

A model that describes how favourable adjustment depends on an effective match, or good fit, between a child’s temperament and the child-rearing environment

A

Goodness-of-fit model

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6
Q

Set of explanations about the availability of attachment figures and the likelihood that they will provide support in times of stress

A

Internal working model

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7
Q

Score that permits an individual’s performance on an intelligence test to be compared to others of the same age

A

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

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8
Q

Dynamic systems that assumes development is lifelong (multidimensional and multi-directional interacting forces)

A

Lifespan perspective

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9
Q

Internal depiction of information that the mind can manipulate (images and concepts)

A

Mental representation

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10
Q

The organ that permits exchange of nutrients and waste products between the bloodstream of mother and embryo (prevents mothers blood from mixing directly)

A

Placenta

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11
Q

An inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation

A

Reflex

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12
Q

Following habituation, an increase in responsiveness to a new stimulus

A

Recovery

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13
Q

The infants broad grin, evoked by the parents communication, that first appears between 6-10 wks old

A

Social smile

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14
Q

Emotions involving injury to or enhancement of the sense of self, including guilt, shame, envy and pride

A

Self-conscious emotions

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15
Q

Term used to describe middle-aged adults who must care for the multiple generations above and below them at the same time

A

Sandwich generation

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16
Q

Fear of being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance

A

Stereotype threat

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17
Q

Feelings of concern or sorrow for another’s plight

A

Sympathy

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18
Q

Early-appearing, stable individual differences in a reactivity (quickness and intensity of emotional arousal) and self regulation

A

Temperament

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19
Q

Begin reading instructions that exposes children to text in it’s complete form, using reading materials that are whole and meaningful

A

Whole-language approach

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20
Q

Gender typing that explains how environmental pressures and children’s cognition’s work together to shape gender role
(Information processing approach)

A

Gender schema theory

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21
Q

Pattern of inheritance which alleles are imprinted (or chemically marked) in a way that one pair member is activated, regardless of makeup

A

Genomic imprinting

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22
Q

Formal operational problem-solving strategy which adolescents begin to make predictions (hypothesis) about variables that might affect an outcome

A

Hypothetico-deduction reasoning

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23
Q

Resolved positively when adolescents achieve an identity through a process of exploration and inner soul-searching
(Erikson Psychological - Conflict of adolescence )

A

Identity v role confusion

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24
Q

Adolescents belief that they are the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern

A

Imaginary audience

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25
Q

Attributes success to external factors, such as luck and failure to low ability, which is fixed and cannot be improved through effort

A

Learned helplessness

Distinguished from mastery-oriented attributions

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26
Q

The end of menstruation and therefore, of a woman’s productive capacity

A

Menapause

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27
Q

(Kohlberg) Highest level of moral develpoment

A

Postconventional level

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28
Q

A form of arthritis which an autoimmune response leads to inflammation of connective tissue (membranes that line the joints and overall stiffness)

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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29
Q

Judgement of one’s own appearance, abilities and behaviour in relation to those of others

A

Social compassions

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30
Q

A type of memory that involves noticing whether a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced

A

Recognition

Distinguished from recall

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31
Q

Infants expression of fear in response to unfamiliar adults (within their first year)

A

Stranger anxiety

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32
Q

A qualitative change in thinking, feeling and behaving that characterises a specific period of development

A

Stage

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33
Q

Loss of synapses by seldom-stimulated nueurons, process that returns them to an uncommitted state so they can support future development

A

Synaptic pruning

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34
Q

The 23rd pair of chromosomes, which determines the sex of the individuals (Females = XX, Males = XY)

A

Sex chromosomes

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35
Q

Behaviour pattern characterised by extreme competitiveness, ambition, impatience,hostility, angry outburst and a sense of time pressure

A

Type A (behaviour pattern)

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36
Q

Capacity made up of cognitive and personality traits (ability to reflect on and apply knowledge in ways that make life more bearable and worthwhile, emotional maturity)

A

Wisdom

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37
Q

Newly fertilised cell formed the the union of sperm and ovum at conception

A

Zygote

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38
Q

Intense physical and psychological distress following the death of a loved one

A

Grief

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39
Q

Cells that are responsible for myelination of neural fibres, improving the efficiency of message transfer

A

Glial cells

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40
Q

The idea that heredity influences the environments to which individuals are exposed

A

Gene-environment correlation

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41
Q

A pattern of inheritance which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait (or one that is intermediate between the 2)

A

Incomplete dominance

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42
Q

A child whose temperament is such that he or she reacts negatively to and withdraws from novel stimuli.

A

Inhibited or shy child

Distinguished from uninhabited or sociable child

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43
Q

White, downy hair that covers the entire body of the fetus, helping the vermix stick to the skin

A

Lanugo

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44
Q

The process of cell division through which gametes are formed and the number of chromosomes in each cell is halved

A

Meiosis

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45
Q

Problem solving that requires people to size up real-world situations and analyse them. (high degree of uncertainty)

A

Practical problem solving

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46
Q

Parents’ mutual support of each other’s parenting behaviours

A

Co-parenting

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47
Q

A field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature v nurture

A

Behaviour genetics

48
Q

Adolescencts sence of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual. Relying on oneself and less on parents and well reasoned decision making

A

Autonomy

49
Q

Cognitive development beyond Piaget’s formal operational stage

A

Postformal thought

50
Q

An unbiased procedure for assigning participants to treatment conditions in an experiment, such as drawing numbers out of a hat or flipping a coin

A

Random assignment

51
Q

Capacity to analyse the speech stream for regularly occurring sound and sequences (infants acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later learn meanings)

A

Statistical learning capacity

52
Q

Piaget’s first stage spanning for the first 2 years of life

A

Sensorimotor stage

53
Q

An infants’s distressed reaction to the departure of the familiar caregiver

A

Separation anxiety

54
Q

Very long-term recall

A

Remote memory

55
Q

Openness of development to change in response to influential experiences

A

Plasticity

56
Q

Research method in which the researcher goes into the field (natural environment) and records behaviours of interest

A 
Naturalistic observation
(Distinguished from structured observation)
57
Q

(Piaget) Internal rearrangement and linking together of schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system (improve recall)

A

Organisation

58
Q

Physical feature that involves reproductive organs (ovaries, uterus, vagina = females; penis, scrotum and testicles = males)
(Distinguished from secondary sexual characteristics)

A

Primary sexual characteristics

59
Q

Strategy for managing emotions that involves appraising the situation as changeable (identifying difficulty)
(Distinguished from emotion-centred coping)

A

Problem-centred coping

60
Q

(Labouvie-Vief) Structure advance in thinking in adulthood, which logic becomes a tool for solving problems (including contradictions accepted as part of existence)

A

Pragmatic thought

61
Q

Genetically influenced age-related declines in the functioning of organs and systems that affect all members of our species. (Biological ageing)
(Distinguished from secondary ageing)

A

Primary ageing

62
Q

Located at the base of the brain and releases hormones that include physical growth

A

Pituitary gland

63
Q

Love based on intense sexual attraction.

Distinguished from compassionate love

A

Passionate love

64
Q

Mental presentations of familiar large-scale spaces, such as neighbourhood or school

A

Cognitive maps

65
Q

The capacity of various parts of the cerebral cortex to take over functions of damaged regions. Decline as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralise

A

Brain plasticity

66
Q

(Freud) An approach to personality development that assumes people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

A

Psychoanatytic perspective

67
Q

A condition that arises when the Rh protein is present in the fetus’s blood but not in the mothers, causing the mother to build up antibodies. (Can reduce oxygen supply to organ and tissues of fetus, if these enter the blood stream)

A

Rh factor incompatibility

68
Q

Set of strategies used by older adults who sustain high levels of functioning (Narrowing their goals, prioritise personally valued activities to preserve diminishing energy) Find new ways of compensating for energy losses

A

Selective optimisation with compensation

69
Q

Customs determined solely by consensus within a society (table manners/politeness rituals)
Distinguished from moral imperative and matters of personal choice

A

Social conventions

70
Q

A child whose temperament is characterised by inactivity; mild, low-key reactions to environment stimuli; negative mood; slow adjustment to new experiences
(Distinguished from easy child and difficult child)

A

Slow to warm up child

71
Q

The make-believe with others that is under way by the end of the 2nd year ad increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood

A

Sociodramatic play

72
Q

Older adults’ heightened autobiographical memory for events that occurred between ages 10 and 30

A

Reminiscence bump

73
Q

Children who receive praise may gain positive votes of self-report measures of peer acceptance, indicating they are well liked.
(Distinguished from rejected, controversial and neglected children)

A

Popular children

74
Q

View that attributes aged-related slowing of cognitive processing to break in neural networks as neurons die. Brain adapts by forming bypasses (new synaptic connections) that go around the breaks but less efficient
(Distinguished from information-loss view

A

Neural network view

75
Q

Severe age-related bones loss, which greatly magnifies the risk of bone fractures

A

Oesteoporosis

76
Q

Care for the terminally ill, suffering patients that relieves pain and other symptoms (nausea, breathing difficulties, insomnia and depression) Goal: protect the patients quality of remaining life rather than prolong life

A

Palliative or comfort care

77
Q

A form of limited social participation in which a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behaviour.
(Distinguished from nonsocial, associative and cooperative play)

A

Parallel play

78
Q

The practice of withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, permitting a patient to die naturally
(Distinguished from voluntary active euthanasia)

A

Passive euthanasia

79
Q

Ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language, as indicated by sensitivity to changes in sound within words (rhyming and incorrect pronunciation) A strong predictor or emergent literacy knowledge

A

Phonological awareness

80
Q

(Piaget) 2nd stage of cognitive development. Extending about 2 to 7yrs, which a child undergoes an extraordinary increase in representation or symbolic activity (Not yet logical)

A

Preoperational stage

81
Q

Actions that benefit another person without by expectation reward for self

A

Prosocial or altruistic behaviour

82
Q

A group of 5 or 7 members who are friends and usually resemble on another in family background attitudes and values

A

Clique

83
Q

Emotions such as happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness ad disgust (universal in humans and other primates) evolutionary history f promoting survival

A

Basic emotion

84
Q

Inadequate oxygen supply

A

Anoxia

85
Q

Ability to think through a series of steps in a problem and the mentally reverse direction returning to starting point
(Distinguished from irreversibility)

A

Reversibility

86
Q

Attachment patterns characterising infants who remain close to the parent and fail to explore before separation (distressed when parents leaves, clinginess with angry resistive behaviour
(Distinguished from secure, avoidant and disorganised/disoriented attachment)

A

Resistant attachment

87
Q

Set of attributes, abilities, attitudes and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is

A

Self concept

88
Q

A specific psychological structure or organised way of making sense of experience that changes with age

A

Scheme (Piaget)

89
Q

Patterns characterising infants who use the parent as a secure base from which to explore (may become stressed by parental separation) actively seek contact and easily comforted by parent on their return
(Distinguished from avoidant,resistant and disorganised/disorientated attachment)

A

Secure attachment

90
Q

The gaps between neurons, across which chemical messages are sent

A

Synapses

91
Q

Region of the cerebral cortex (frontal lobe) controlling body movement and thought

A

Prefrontal cortex

92
Q

Subgroup of popular children who combine academic and social competence
(Distinguished from popular-antisocial children)

A

Popular-prosocial children

93
Q

Age-related declines due to hereditary effects of environmental influences (poor diet, lack of exercise, disease, substance abuse, environment pollution and psychological stress)
(Distinguished from primary ageing)

A

Secondary ageing

94
Q

Individuals directly observable physical and behavioural characteristics and determine environmental and genetic factors
(Distinguished from genotypes)

A

Phenotype

95
Q

Psychological distress resulting from conflict between an individuals’s minority culture and the host culture

A

Acculturative stress

96
Q

The amount of energy the body uses at complete rest

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

97
Q

A destructive form of peer interaction which certain children become frequent targets of verbal and physical attacks or other forms of abuse

A

Peer victimisation

98
Q

Parental behaviours that intrude on and manipulate children’s verbal expressions, individuality and attachment to parents

A

Psychological control

99
Q

Collective of peers who generate unique values and standards for behaviour and a social structure of leaders and followers

A

Peer group

100
Q

(Erikson) Emphasises that in each Freudian stage, individuals not only develop a unique personality but also acquire attitudes and skills that make the active, contributing to society. Lifespan nature of development and impact of culture

A

Psychosocial theory

101
Q

The mathematical principle specific order of relationships (more and less than) between quantities

A

Ordinality

102
Q

Adjusting support to the learner to fit their current level of performance. Direct instruction is offered when a task is new: less help is provided and provided as competence increases (keeping task within zone of proximal development)

A

Scaffolding

103
Q

(SIDS) The unexpected death (usually during the night) of infant under 1 year that remains unexplained after thorough investigation

A

Sudden infant death syndrome

104
Q

Period of vocational development which older adolescents and young adults narrow their vocational options, engaging in exploration before focusing on a general category later, settling on a single occupation
(Distinguished from fantasy period and tentative period)

A

Realistic period

105
Q

Bell shaped distribution that results when individual differences are measured in large samples. Most core cluster around the mean, or average, with the progressively fewer falling toward the extremes

A

Normal distribution

106
Q

A greater than 20% increase over healthy body weight, based on body mass index, a ration of weight and height associated with body fat

A

Obesity

107
Q

The temporal dimension of self-concept

Future-oriented representations of what one hopes to become and what one is afraid of becoming.

A

Possible selves

108
Q

An approach to begin reading instruction that emphasises coaching children on phonics (basic rules for translating written symbols into sound) before exposing them to complex reading materials
(Distinguished from the whole-language approach)

A

Phonic approach

109
Q

Adolescents’ inflated opinion of their own importance (feeling they are special and unique)

A

Personal fable

110
Q

Age related hearing impairment (beginning around 50) noticeable decline i sensitivity to high-frequency sounds and gradually extends to all frequencies

A

Presbycusis

111
Q

Physical features visible on the outside of the body that serve as signs of sexual maturity but do not involve the reproductive organs (i.e. Breast development females and pubic hair in both sexes)
(Distinguished from primary sexual characteristics)

A

Secondary sexual characteristics

112
Q

Process of telling stories about people and events from the past and reporting associated thoughts and feelings

A

Reminiscence

113
Q

Ageing to which gains are maximised and losses are minimised

A

Optimal ageing

114
Q

An organised pattern of physical growth that proceeds from the centre of the body outward
(Distinguished from cephalocaudal trend)

A

Proximodistal trend

115
Q

(Kohlberg) First level of moral development in which children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences. (Behaviours that result in punishment are bad, behaviours rewarded are good)

A

Preconventional level

116
Q

(Piaget) 3rd stage of cognitive development extending from 7 to 11yr, thought becomes logic, flexible organised in its application to concrete information (capacity and abstract thinking not yet present)

A

Concrete operational stage

117
Q

Type of memory that involves remembering something that is not present
(Distinguished from recognition)

A

Recall

Lifespan Development GU-LC (3 decks)

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