GU-LC Exam-prep flashcards set:1 Flashcards by Liah Fanene

The ability to remember and copy behaviour of models who are not present

Deferred imitation

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Growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experience that vary widely across individuals and cultures.
(Distinguished from experience-expectant brain growth)

experience-dependent brain growth

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Erikson’s theory, the psychological conflict of late adulthood, which is resolved positively when older adults come to terms with their lives, complete, and satisfied with their lives achievement.(meaningful life course)

Ego integrity v Despair

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A large bundle of fibres connecting 2 hemispheres of the cerebra cortex

Corpus callosum

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A classroom grounded in Piaget’s view of children as active agents who construct their own knowledge. (i.e. Richly equipped learning centre and teachers who guide and support children)

Constructive classroom

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Organised pattern of physical growth that from upper to lower parts of the body (head to tail).

Distinguished from cephalocaudal trend

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A baby is positioned in the uterus that cause the buttocks or feet to be delivered first

Breech position

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Concerns that do not involve the rights or others’ welfare and, therefore up to individual (i.e. choice of friends, hairstyle, leisure activity)

Matters of personal choice

Distinguished from moral imperatives an social conventions

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The degree to which morality is central to individual self-concept

Moral identity

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Information processing includes

controlling attention
suppressing impulses
coordinate information in working memory
flexibly directing and monitoring thought of behaviour

Executive function

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An interview method researcher uses flexible, conversational style to probe a participant’s point of view

Clinical interview (Distinguished from structured interview)

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A form of cognitive thinking that increases from adolescence through to middle adulthood and awareness of positive and negative feeling and coordinate then into a complex, organised structure (unique to individual experience)

Cognitive-affective complexity

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Collaboration on a task by small group/class who work toward a common goal (resolving differences and correct misunderstandings)

Cooperative learning

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The experience of loosing a loved one by death

Bereavement

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An eating disorder in which individuals, mainly female, engage in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating, often followed by deliberate vomiting and purging with laxatives

Bulimia nervosa

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First menstruation

Menarche

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In ecological system theory, connections between a person’s microsystem (immediate settings)

Mesosystem

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Period of vocational development in which children gain insight into career options by fantasising about them

Fantasy period

Distinguished from tentative period and realistic period

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Intellectual skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgement and mastery of social conversation - abilities required as they are valued by individual’s culture

Crystallised intelligence
(Distinguished from fluid intelligence)

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The outer membrane that forms a protective covering around the prenatal organism (Sends out tiny hairlike villi, from which the placenta begins to develop)

Chorion

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The process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes and redirecting unsuccessful efforts

Cognitive self-regulation

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A heterozygous individual who can pass a recessive trait to his or her offspring

Carrier

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Irreversible cessation of all activity in the brain stem. The definition of death accepted in most industrialised notions

Brain death

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A pattern of inheritance in which, under heterozygous conditions, the influence of only one allele is apparent

Dominant-recessive inheritance

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A method researchers attempt to understand a culture or a distinct social group through participant observation (living with study group and taking notes for an extended time)

Ethnography

Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences

Emergent literacy

A household in which 3 or more generations live together

Extended-family household

The prenatal organism from 2 - 8 weeks after conception (body structures and internal organs is laid)

Embryo

Transitional period of development extending from late teens to mid to late twenties (young person had left adolescence but not yet assumed adult responsibilities)

Emerging adulthood

Process of making sense of simultaneous input from more than 1 modality/sensory system

Intermodal perception

Deliberate mental activities that improve the likelihood of remembering

Memory strategies

A set of disorders occurring almost entirely in old age which many aspects of thought and behaviour are so impaired that everyday activities are disrupted

Dimentia

Approach concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behaviour and its evolutionary history

Ethology

The ability to understand other's emotional state and to feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way

Empathy

Bronfenbrenner's approach, which views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment

Ecological systems theory

A marriage which partners relate as equals (share power and authority) Both try to balance time, energy, devotion to occupation, children and relationships

Egalitarian marriage | Distinguished from traditional marriage

The practice of ending the life of a person suffering from incurable condition

Euthianasia

Adult responses that elaborate on children's speech, increasing its complexity

Expansions

Bowlby's theory, most widely accepted view of attachment (infants emotional tie to the caregiver) response that promotes survival

(Ethological) Theory of attachment

Social setting that do not contain the developing person but nevertheless affect experiences and immediate settings

Exosystem | Distinguishes from ecological systems theory

Memory without conscious awareness

Implicit memory

Self-doubt and stress that prompt major restructuring of the personality during transition to middle adulthood (experience of only a minority of adults)

Midlife crisis

Conflict of early childhood is resolved positively through play that fosters a healthy sense of initiative (through development of superego or consciences that is not overly strict and guilt-ridden)

Initiative v guilt | Erikson Psychological

An aspect of brain growth whereby, as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die, making space for these corrective structures

Programmed cell death

Thinking about thought: theory of the mind, coherent set of ideas about mental activities

Metacognition

A perspective that views the human mind as a symbol manipulating system through with information flows (continuous process)

Information processing

The variable, researchers expect to be influenced by the independent variable in and experiment

Independent variable

Development resulting from ongoing, bi-directional exchanges between heredity and all levels of environment

Epigenesis

Reflections of how one arrived at facts, beliefs and ideas

Epistemic cognition

Burring the eventual loss of central vision due to breakdown of light-sensitive cell in the macular (central region of the retina)

Macular degeneration

Memory of everyday experiences

Episodic memory

A sense of ethnic group membership and attitudes and feelings associated with that membership (enduring aspect of self)

Ethinic identity

Acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field or endeavour

Expertise

Pleasant vowel-like noises made by infants beginning around age 2mth

Cooing

Intellectual skills that largely depend on basic information processing skills (ability to detect relationship among visual stimuli, speed of analysing information and working memory) (Distinguished from crystallised intelligence)

Fluid intelligence

Attributions that credit success to ability, can be improved through effort and failure to insufficient effort

Mastery-oriented attribution | Distinguished from learned helplessness

Rules and expectations that protect people's rights and welfare (Distinguished from social conversation and matters of personal choice)

Moral imperatives

Conception of an attitude toward one's physical appearance

Body image

2nd level of moral development, in which moral understanding is based on conforming to to social rules to ensure positive human relationships and maintain societal order

Conventional level

Rodlike structure in the cell nucleus that store and transmit genetic information

Chromosomes

A structure at the rear and base of the brain that aids in balance and control of the body movements

Cerebellum

Temporal changes in environments, either externally imposed or arising from within the person, that produce new conditions affecting development. (Distinguished from ecological system)

Chronosystem

Actual competence an performance of and older adult | Distinguishes from chronological age

Functional age

A wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all the essential nutrients, which usually appears in the first year of life (Causes low body weight)

Marasmus

Cultural values, laws, customs and resources that influence experiences and interactions at inner levels of environment.

Macrosystem | Distinguished from Ecological system

A sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA

Mutation

Chemicals released by neurons that cross the synapse to send messages to other neurons

Neurotransmitters

First ejaculation of seminal fluid

Spermache

The phase of dying in which gasps and muscles spasms occur during the first moments in which the regular heart beat disintegrates.

Agonal phase | Distinguished from death and mortality

A form of social interaction which children engage in separate activities but interact by exchanging toys and commenting on one another's behaviour

Associative play | Distinguished from nonsocial activity, parallel play and cooperative play

Genetically influenced, age related declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal in all member of our species.

Biological ageing or senescence | also called primary

A type of play which children act out everyday and imaginary activities

Make believe play

Nerve cells that store and transmit information

Neurons

Infants whose birth weight is below their expected weight considering length of pregnancy (both full term and preterm)

Small for date infants

(Piaget) The process of building schemes through direct interaction with the environment (assimilation and accommodation)

Adaption

"Big 5" Personality traits

- Neuroticism - Extrovert - Openness (to experience) - Agreeableness - Conscientiousness

At adolescence, a sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual (relying more on oneself)

Autonomy

Specialised cells in motor areas of the cerebral cortex in primates that underlie the ability to imitate by firing identically

Mirror neurons

Unoccupied, onlooker behaviour and solitary play | Distinguished from parallel, associative and cooperative play

Nonsocial activity

Change from one generation to the next in aspects of developmental, such as body size or pubertal timing

Secular trend

Influence on the lifespan development that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when the occur and how long they last

Age graded influences

Each of 2 or more forms of a gene located at the same place on corresponding pairs of chromosomes

Allele

The amount of energy the body uses at complete rest

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

The culturally specified expression of the bereaved person's thoughts and feelings through funerals and other rituals

Mourning

An approach that emphasises the role of modelling, otherwise known as imitation or observable learning

Social learning theory

Disagreement among theorists about genetic or environmental factors are more important influences

Nature v nurture controversy

(Piaget) Part of adaption which the external world is interpreted in terms of current schemes

Assimilation | Distinguished from accommodation

Transition between childhood and adulthood that begins with puberty (accepting one's full-growth)

Adolescence

A condition which long-term job stress leads to mental exhaustion (sense of loss of personal control)

Burnout

Good match between older adults' abilities and demands of their living environments (Promotes adaptive behaviour and psychological well-being)

Person-environment fit

Adult responses that restructure children's grammatically inaccurate speech into correct form

Recasts

A structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness

Reticular formation

Different degrees of sleep and wakefulness

State of arousal

Familiar caregiver as a point from which the baby explores, venture into the environment and then returning for emotional support

Secure base

A family structure in which children live with their grandparents (apart from parents)

Skipped-generation family

Development designs which investigators conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal (sequences) studies at varying times and sometimes combine with longitudinal and cross-sectional strategies

Sequential designs

Children who are without adult supervision for some period of time after school

Self-care children

The number of items that can be briefly held in mind while also engaging in some effort to monitor or manipulate those items

``` Working memory (contemporary view of short-term memory) ```

Pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, necessary for brain development and growth hormone. (Full impact on body size)

Thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH)

(Vygotsky) A range of tasks too difficult for a child alone but possible with help of more skilled partner

Zone proximal development

Disease which poor fluid drainage leads to a buildup of pressure in the eyes, damaging the optic nerve (Causes blindness in the elderly)

Glaucoma

The view that people have unique, genetically influenced reactions to particular experiences and qualities of environment

Gene-environmental interaction

Set of 3 personal qualities... "Control, commitment and challenges" (that together, help people cope adaptively with stress and brought on by inevitable life changes

Hardiness

Tasks necessary to conduct the business of daily life and also requiring some cognitive competence (i.e. telephoning, food preparation, housekeeping etc.)

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

A well-organised concept of self, consisting of values, beliefs and goal, to which the individual is solidly committed

Identity

A written statement specifying the treatments a person does (or not) want in case of a terminal illness, coma or other near death situation

Living will

Coating of neural fibres with an insulating fatty (myelin) that improves efficiency of message transfer

Myelination

A pattern of inheritance which many genes influence a characteristic

Polygenic inheritance

(Perry) Cognitive approach typically of older college students, who view all knowledge as embedded in framework of thought. (Giving up on possibility of absolute truth in favour of multiple truth)

Relativistic thinking | (Distinguished from dualistic thinking

A memory strategy that involves repeating information of oneself to improve recall

Rehearsal

Angry, defensive response to provocation or a blocked goal that is meant to hurt another person

Reactive aggression | Distinguished from proactive aggression

Interview method which each participant is asked the same questions in the same way

``` Structured interview (Distinguished from clinical interview) ```

Aspect of self-concept that involves judgements about one's own worth and feelings (associated with those judgements)

Self-esteem

Care-giving that involves responding promptly, consistently and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly

Sensitive care-giving

Three equal time periods, each lasting three months, into which prenatal development is sometimes divided

Trimesters