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Lifespan Development GU-LC > GU-LC Exam-prep flashcards set:1 > Flashcards

GU-LC Exam-prep flashcards set:1

1
Q

The ability to remember and copy behaviour of models who are not present

A

Deferred imitation

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2
Q

Growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experience that vary widely across individuals and cultures.
(Distinguished from experience-expectant brain growth)

A

experience-dependent brain growth

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3
Q

Erikson’s theory, the psychological conflict of late adulthood, which is resolved positively when older adults come to terms with their lives, complete, and satisfied with their lives achievement.(meaningful life course)

A

Ego integrity v Despair

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4
Q

A large bundle of fibres connecting 2 hemispheres of the cerebra cortex

A

Corpus callosum

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5
Q

A classroom grounded in Piaget’s view of children as active agents who construct their own knowledge. (i.e. Richly equipped learning centre and teachers who guide and support children)

A

Constructive classroom

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6
Q

Organised pattern of physical growth that from upper to lower parts of the body (head to tail).

A

Distinguished from cephalocaudal trend

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7
Q

A baby is positioned in the uterus that cause the buttocks or feet to be delivered first

A

Breech position

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8
Q

Concerns that do not involve the rights or others’ welfare and, therefore up to individual (i.e. choice of friends, hairstyle, leisure activity)

A

Matters of personal choice

Distinguished from moral imperatives an social conventions

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9
Q

The degree to which morality is central to individual self-concept

A

Moral identity

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10
Q

Information processing includes

  • controlling attention
  • suppressing impulses
  • coordinate information in working memory
  • flexibly directing and monitoring thought of behaviour
A

Executive function

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11
Q

An interview method researcher uses flexible, conversational style to probe a participant’s point of view

A

Clinical interview (Distinguished from structured interview)

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12
Q

A form of cognitive thinking that increases from adolescence through to middle adulthood and awareness of positive and negative feeling and coordinate then into a complex, organised structure (unique to individual experience)

A

Cognitive-affective complexity

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13
Q

Collaboration on a task by small group/class who work toward a common goal (resolving differences and correct misunderstandings)

A

Cooperative learning

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14
Q

The experience of loosing a loved one by death

A

Bereavement

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15
Q

An eating disorder in which individuals, mainly female, engage in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating, often followed by deliberate vomiting and purging with laxatives

A

Bulimia nervosa

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16
Q

First menstruation

A

Menarche

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17
Q

In ecological system theory, connections between a person’s microsystem (immediate settings)

A

Mesosystem

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18
Q

Period of vocational development in which children gain insight into career options by fantasising about them

A

Fantasy period

Distinguished from tentative period and realistic period

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19
Q

Intellectual skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgement and mastery of social conversation - abilities required as they are valued by individual’s culture

A 
Crystallised intelligence
(Distinguished from fluid intelligence)
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20
Q

The outer membrane that forms a protective covering around the prenatal organism (Sends out tiny hairlike villi, from which the placenta begins to develop)

A

Chorion

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21
Q

The process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes and redirecting unsuccessful efforts

A

Cognitive self-regulation

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22
Q

A heterozygous individual who can pass a recessive trait to his or her offspring

A

Carrier

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23
Q

Irreversible cessation of all activity in the brain stem. The definition of death accepted in most industrialised notions

A

Brain death

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24
Q

A pattern of inheritance in which, under heterozygous conditions, the influence of only one allele is apparent

A

Dominant-recessive inheritance

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25
Q

A method researchers attempt to understand a culture or a distinct social group through participant observation (living with study group and taking notes for an extended time)

A

Ethnography

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26
Q

Children’s active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences

A

Emergent literacy

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27
Q

A household in which 3 or more generations live together

A

Extended-family household

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28
Q

The prenatal organism from 2 - 8 weeks after conception (body structures and internal organs is laid)

A

Embryo

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29
Q

Transitional period of development extending from late teens to mid to late twenties (young person had left adolescence but not yet assumed adult responsibilities)

A

Emerging adulthood

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30
Q

Process of making sense of simultaneous input from more than 1 modality/sensory system

A

Intermodal perception

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31
Q

Deliberate mental activities that improve the likelihood of remembering

A

Memory strategies

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32
Q

A set of disorders occurring almost entirely in old age which many aspects of thought and behaviour are so impaired that everyday activities are disrupted

A

Dimentia

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33
Q

Approach concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behaviour and its evolutionary history

A

Ethology

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34
Q

The ability to understand other’s emotional state and to feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way

A

Empathy

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35
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s approach, which views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment

A

Ecological systems theory

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36
Q

A marriage which partners relate as equals (share power and authority) Both try to balance time, energy, devotion to occupation, children and relationships

A

Egalitarian marriage

Distinguished from traditional marriage

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37
Q

The practice of ending the life of a person suffering from incurable condition

A

Euthianasia

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38
Q

Adult responses that elaborate on children’s speech, increasing its complexity

A

Expansions

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39
Q

Bowlby’s theory, most widely accepted view of attachment (infants emotional tie to the caregiver) response that promotes survival

A

(Ethological) Theory of attachment

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40
Q

Social setting that do not contain the developing person but nevertheless affect experiences and immediate settings

A

Exosystem

Distinguishes from ecological systems theory

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41
Q

Memory without conscious awareness

A

Implicit memory

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42
Q

Self-doubt and stress that prompt major restructuring of the personality during transition to middle adulthood (experience of only a minority of adults)

A

Midlife crisis

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43
Q

Conflict of early childhood is resolved positively through play that fosters a healthy sense of initiative (through development of superego or consciences that is not overly strict and guilt-ridden)

A

Initiative v guilt

Erikson Psychological

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44
Q

An aspect of brain growth whereby, as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die, making space for these corrective structures

A

Programmed cell death

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45
Q

Thinking about thought: theory of the mind, coherent set of ideas about mental activities

A

Metacognition

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46
Q

A perspective that views the human mind as a symbol manipulating system through with information flows (continuous process)

A

Information processing

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47
Q

The variable, researchers expect to be influenced by the independent variable in and experiment

A

Independent variable

48
Q

Development resulting from ongoing, bi-directional exchanges between heredity and all levels of environment

A

Epigenesis

49
Q

Reflections of how one arrived at facts, beliefs and ideas

A

Epistemic cognition

50
Q

Burring the eventual loss of central vision due to breakdown of light-sensitive cell in the macular (central region of the retina)

A

Macular degeneration

51
Q

Memory of everyday experiences

A

Episodic memory

52
Q

A sense of ethnic group membership and attitudes and feelings associated with that membership (enduring aspect of self)

A

Ethinic identity

53
Q

Acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field or endeavour

A

Expertise

54
Q

Pleasant vowel-like noises made by infants beginning around age 2mth

A

Cooing

55
Q

Intellectual skills that largely depend on basic information processing skills (ability to detect relationship among visual stimuli, speed of analysing information and working memory)
(Distinguished from crystallised intelligence)

A

Fluid intelligence

56
Q

Attributions that credit success to ability, can be improved through effort and failure to insufficient effort

A

Mastery-oriented attribution

Distinguished from learned helplessness

57
Q

Rules and expectations that protect people’s rights and welfare
(Distinguished from social conversation and matters of personal choice)

A

Moral imperatives

58
Q

Conception of an attitude toward one’s physical appearance

A

Body image

59
Q

2nd level of moral development, in which moral understanding is based on conforming to to social rules to ensure positive human relationships and maintain societal order

A

Conventional level

60
Q

Rodlike structure in the cell nucleus that store and transmit genetic information

A

Chromosomes

61
Q

A structure at the rear and base of the brain that aids in balance and control of the body movements

A

Cerebellum

62
Q

Temporal changes in environments, either externally imposed or arising from within the person, that produce new conditions affecting development.
(Distinguished from ecological system)

A

Chronosystem

63
Q

Actual competence an performance of and older adult

Distinguishes from chronological age

A

Functional age

64
Q

A wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all the essential nutrients, which usually appears in the first year of life (Causes low body weight)

A

Marasmus

65
Q

Cultural values, laws, customs and resources that influence experiences and interactions at inner levels of environment.

A

Macrosystem

Distinguished from Ecological system

66
Q

A sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA

A

Mutation

67
Q

Chemicals released by neurons that cross the synapse to send messages to other neurons

A

Neurotransmitters

68
Q

First ejaculation of seminal fluid

A

Spermache

69
Q

The phase of dying in which gasps and muscles spasms occur during the first moments in which the regular heart beat disintegrates.

A

Agonal phase

Distinguished from death and mortality

70
Q

A form of social interaction which children engage in separate activities but interact by exchanging toys and commenting on one another’s behaviour

A

Associative play

Distinguished from nonsocial activity, parallel play and cooperative play

71
Q

Genetically influenced, age related declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal in all member of our species.

A

Biological ageing or senescence

also called primary

72
Q

A type of play which children act out everyday and imaginary activities

A

Make believe play

73
Q

Nerve cells that store and transmit information

A

Neurons

74
Q

Infants whose birth weight is below their expected weight considering length of pregnancy (both full term and preterm)

A

Small for date infants

75
Q

(Piaget) The process of building schemes through direct interaction with the environment (assimilation and accommodation)

A

Adaption

76
Q

“Big 5” Personality traits

A
  • Neuroticism
  • Extrovert
  • Openness (to experience)
  • Agreeableness
  • Conscientiousness
77
Q

At adolescence, a sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual (relying more on oneself)

A

Autonomy

78
Q

Specialised cells in motor areas of the cerebral cortex in primates that underlie the ability to imitate by firing identically

A

Mirror neurons

79
Q

Unoccupied, onlooker behaviour and solitary play

Distinguished from parallel, associative and cooperative play

A

Nonsocial activity

80
Q

Change from one generation to the next in aspects of developmental, such as body size or pubertal timing

A

Secular trend

81
Q

Influence on the lifespan development that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when the occur and how long they last

A

Age graded influences

82
Q

Each of 2 or more forms of a gene located at the same place on corresponding pairs of chromosomes

A

Allele

83
Q

The amount of energy the body uses at complete rest

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

84
Q

The culturally specified expression of the bereaved person’s thoughts and feelings through funerals and other rituals

A

Mourning

85
Q

An approach that emphasises the role of modelling, otherwise known as imitation or observable learning

A

Social learning theory

86
Q

Disagreement among theorists about genetic or environmental factors are more important influences

A

Nature v nurture controversy

87
Q

(Piaget) Part of adaption which the external world is interpreted in terms of current schemes

A

Assimilation

Distinguished from accommodation

88
Q

Transition between childhood and adulthood that begins with puberty (accepting one’s full-growth)

A

Adolescence

89
Q

A condition which long-term job stress leads to mental exhaustion (sense of loss of personal control)

A

Burnout

90
Q

Good match between older adults’ abilities and demands of their living environments (Promotes adaptive behaviour and psychological well-being)

A

Person-environment fit

91
Q

Adult responses that restructure children’s grammatically inaccurate speech into correct form

A

Recasts

92
Q

A structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness

A

Reticular formation

93
Q

Different degrees of sleep and wakefulness

A

State of arousal

94
Q

Familiar caregiver as a point from which the baby explores, venture into the environment and then returning for emotional support

A

Secure base

95
Q

A family structure in which children live with their grandparents (apart from parents)

A

Skipped-generation family

96
Q

Development designs which investigators conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal (sequences) studies at varying times and sometimes combine with longitudinal and cross-sectional strategies

A

Sequential designs

97
Q

Children who are without adult supervision for some period of time after school

A

Self-care children

98
Q

The number of items that can be briefly held in mind while also engaging in some effort to monitor or manipulate those items

A 
Working memory
(contemporary view of short-term memory)
99
Q

Pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, necessary for brain development and growth hormone. (Full impact on body size)

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH)

100
Q

(Vygotsky) A range of tasks too difficult for a child alone but possible with help of more skilled partner

A

Zone proximal development

101
Q

Disease which poor fluid drainage leads to a buildup of pressure in the eyes, damaging the optic nerve (Causes blindness in the elderly)

A

Glaucoma

102
Q

The view that people have unique, genetically influenced reactions to particular experiences and qualities of environment

A

Gene-environmental interaction

103
Q

Set of 3 personal qualities… “Control, commitment and challenges” (that together, help people cope adaptively with stress and brought on by inevitable life changes

A

Hardiness

104
Q

Tasks necessary to conduct the business of daily life and also requiring some cognitive competence (i.e. telephoning, food preparation, housekeeping etc.)

A

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

105
Q

A well-organised concept of self, consisting of values, beliefs and goal, to which the individual is solidly committed

A

Identity

106
Q

A written statement specifying the treatments a person does (or not) want in case of a terminal illness, coma or other near death situation

A

Living will

107
Q

Coating of neural fibres with an insulating fatty (myelin) that improves efficiency of message transfer

A

Myelination

108
Q

A pattern of inheritance which many genes influence a characteristic

A

Polygenic inheritance

109
Q

(Perry) Cognitive approach typically of older college students, who view all knowledge as embedded in framework of thought. (Giving up on possibility of absolute truth in favour of multiple truth)

A

Relativistic thinking

(Distinguished from dualistic thinking

110
Q

A memory strategy that involves repeating information of oneself to improve recall

A

Rehearsal

111
Q

Angry, defensive response to provocation or a blocked goal that is meant to hurt another person

A

Reactive aggression

Distinguished from proactive aggression

112
Q

Interview method which each participant is asked the same questions in the same way

A 
Structured interview
(Distinguished from clinical interview)
113
Q

Aspect of self-concept that involves judgements about one’s own worth and feelings (associated with those judgements)

A

Self-esteem

114
Q

Care-giving that involves responding promptly, consistently and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly

A

Sensitive care-giving

115
Q

Three equal time periods, each lasting three months, into which prenatal development is sometimes divided

A

Trimesters

Lifespan Development GU-LC (3 decks)

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